State Revenge Porn Laws
By FindLaw Staff | Legally reviewed by John Mascolo, Esq. | Last reviewed October 23, 2023
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Revenge porn cases often make the news in relation to celebrities. But this crime also happens to many everyday citizens. Whether it's nude pictures on social media or so-called "celebrity sex tapes," the act of posting sexually explicit material online can be criminal.
Intentional distribution of nonconsensual porn, or "revenge porn," is a type of online harassment that occurs when an ex-partner or a hacker posts sexually explicit images of a person online without their permission.
But what exactly is revenge porn? Does it mean that someone wants revenge on another person and posts pornographic material featuring that person? Sometimes, but it doesn't always mean that. In fact, in many jurisdictions, a perpetrator doesn't even need to be exacting revenge on anyone. The distributor of the material need only intend to distribute the sexually explicit video or photograph with the intent to annoy or harass the victim without their consent.
What Is Revenge Porn?
In the legal sense, revenge porn is a form of cyber sexual harassment. In some cases, it constitutes cyberbullying. It should be taken very seriously, particularly if minors are the subject of the revenge porn. Penalties can be steep. Civil lawsuits may also arise from posting these nonconsensual pornographic materials. Criminal penalties can include:
- Jail time or prison sentence
- Fines
Civil remedies may lead to:
- Injunctions
- Infringement notices
- Formal warnings or take-down notices
- Compensatory and punitive damages
How Many States Have Revenge Porn Laws?
All states, excluding Massachusetts and South Carolina, have separate statutes specifically related to revenge porn. It's important to note, however, that a person may still be prosecuted for revenge porn under other statutes in those two states.
In Massachusetts, for example, someone may be prosecuted for revenge porn under invasion of privacy laws. In South Carolina, by contrast, one may be prosecuted for the same offense under obscenity laws.
In order to be guilty of this crime in most states, the distributor must be sending out what many call nonconsensual pornography. This includes pictures or videos that are considered sexual in nature. Such content, for example, shows the victim's intimate body parts. It might also show the victim engaging in sexual activity.
Simply posting an unflattering picture of your ex in a bathing suit is not pornographic. However, if the picture features your ex's genitalia, it could likely be considered a crime to distribute such an image.
Prohibited Actions
Each state has its own laws related to revenge porn. However, most states define the crime of revenge porn as acts committed by any person, with the intent to harass, harm, or annoy another person, that:
- Publish or distribute electronic or printed photographs, pictures, videos, or films;
- Show the genitalia, anus, or female breast of the other person or depict the other person engaged in sexual activity;
- Lack the depicted person's consent; and
- Happen under circumstances where the offender knows or should have known that the depicted person had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the images
Most state revenge porn laws provide standard exceptions. These will often include disclosures made in good faith to law enforcement, to medical service providers, under legal process, or in cases of public interest or public concern.
Federal Law and Revenge Porn
There is no specific federal law crime against revenge porn at this time. Other federal crimes may address some of the conduct taken in these cases. For example, federal criminal law addresses the distribution of sexual images that exploit children (under 18 years of age).
In 2022, Congress created a federal civil cause of action for victims of revenge porn. A complainant can seek compensatory and punitive damages and attorney fees in such an action. How the courts and Congress will respond to developments in this area remains an open question. Although defendants continue to raise First Amendment challenges in this area of the law, the U.S. Supreme Court has not directly ruled on these matters.
The Uniform Code of Military Justice provides a crime for wrongful broadcast or dissemination of intimate images. This permits the military to punish members of the armed forces who engage in revenge porn crimes.
State Revenge Porn Laws
Below is a list of states with revenge porn laws, including the District of Columbia.
A person facing revenge porn charges may also face charges for other related crimes. These other crimes include:
Also, it's important to note that in some states, it is at the judge's discretion to require the defendant to register as a sex offender if convicted.
State |
Statute(s) |
Actions Prohibited |
Possible Penalties |
Alabama |
Alabama Code, Section 13A-6-240 |
Distributing a private image of another person:
|
First offense:
Subsequent offenses:
|
Alaska |
Alaska Statutes, Section 11.61.120 |
Harassment in the second degree:
|
Class B misdemeanor:
|
Arizona |
Arizona Revised Statutes, Section 13-1425 |
Unlawful disclosure of images:
|
Class 5 felony However, if the image is disclosed by electronic means, the violation is treated as a class 4 felony. Violations are treated as class 1 misdemeanors if there is only a threat to disclose but no actual disclosure takes place. A class 4 felony brings with it the following penalties:
|
Arkansas |
Arkansas Code, Section 5-26-314 |
Unlawful distribution of sexual images or recordings:
|
Class A misdemeanors, punishable by up to one year in jail, a fine of up to $2,500, or both |
California |
California Penal Code, Section 647(j)(4) |
California's disorderly conduct crime:
|
Violations are treated as a misdemeanor, punishable in the following ways:
|
Colorado |
Colorado Revised Statute, Section 18-7-107, 108 |
Posting a private image of another for harassment or financial gain:
|
Violations are treated as a class 1 misdemeanor, punishable by:
|
Connecticut |
Connecticut General Statutes, Section 53a-189c |
Unlawful dissemination of an intimate image:
|
Violations are treated as:
|
Delaware |
Delaware Code Title 11, Section 1335 |
Violation of privacy offense:
|
Violations are treated as:
|
District of Columbia |
DC Code, Section 22-2051 et. seq |
Unlawful disclosure (misdemeanor) or unlawful publish (felony): Knowingly disclosing to five or fewer persons sexual images of another identifiable person when:
|
Violations are treated as either of the following: Misdemeanor (disclose to five or fewer), punishable by:
Felony (publish to six or more, or make available on the internet), punishable by:
|
Florida |
Florida Statutes, Section 784.049(3) |
The crime of sexual cyberharassment:
|
Violations are treated as follows:
|
Georgia |
Georgia Code, Section 16-11-90 |
Transmission of photograph or video depicting nudity of sexually explicit conduct of an adult:
|
Violations are treated in the following ways:
|
Hawaii |
Hawaii Revised Statutes, Section 711-1110.9 |
Violation of privacy in the first degree:
|
|
Idaho |
Idaho Code, Section 18-6605(a)-(c) |
Video voyeurism:
|
Violations are a felony offense, punishable by up to 5 years in prison, up to $50,000 fine, or both. |
Illinois |
Illinois Criminal Code, Chapter 720 § 11-23.5 and Chapter 740 § 190/25 |
Intentionally publishing an image of another person is prohibited by this law when the subject is:
|
Violations are treated as a class 4 felony, for which the offender faces one to three years in prison and/or a fine of up to $25,000. Victims also have civil remedies to recover economic and punitive damages. |
Indiana |
Indiana Criminal Code, Section 35-45-4-8 |
Distribution of intimate image crime:
|
First offense:
In cases where there is a prior unrelated conviction:
|
Iowa |
Iowa Code, Section 708.7 (1)(a)(5) |
Crime of harassment: If a person disseminates or publishes, or causes to disseminate or publish, a photograph or film showing another person in a state of full or partial nudity or engaged in sexual activity, a person is in violation of this Iowa statute. The offender must also know that the other person does not consent to the dissemination, and must act with intent to intimidate, annoy, or alarm the other person. |
Aggravated misdemeanor:
|
Kansas |
Kansas Statutes, Section 21-6101(a)(8) |
Crime of breach of privacy:
|
Kansas uses Sentencing Guidelines:
|
Kentucky |
Kentucky Statutes, Section 531.120 |
Disseminating sexually explicit images without consent:
|
First offense:
Subsequent offenses:
|
Louisiana |
Louisiana Revised Statutes, Section 14:283.2 |
Nonconsensual disclosure of a private image:
|
Violations are punishable by up to two years in jail, a fine of up to $10,000, or both. |
Maine |
Maine Criminal Code, 17A MRSA Section 511-A |
Unauthorized dissemination of certain private images:
|
Class D crime, punishable by up to one year in county jail, a fine of up to $2,000, or both. |
Maryland |
Maryland Criminal Law Code, Section 3-809 |
Revenge porn prohibited:
|
Misdemeanor, punishable by up to two years in jail, a fine of up to $5,000, or both. |
Massachusetts |
None |
There is no specific revenge porn law in Massachusetts at present. |
Not applicable |
Michigan |
Michigan Codified Laws, Section 750.145e |
Dissemination of sexually explicit visual material:
|
Misdemeanor offense, punishable by up to 93 days in jail, or a fine of up to $500. For a second or subsequent violation, penalties increase to up to one year in jail, a fine up to $1,000, or both. |
Minnesota |
Minnesota Statutes, Section 617.261 - Crime Section 604.31 - Civil cause of action for nonconsensual dissemination of private sexual images Section 609.748 -Harassment & restraining orders |
Nonconsensual dissemination of private sexual images:
|
Violations are treated as gross misdemeanors, punishable by a fine up to $3,000. Violations are treated as a felony under certain circumstances, including if the material causes financial loss, is characterized by intent to profit or intent to harass, or is posted to a porn site. The victim may file for civil damages and other relief. Civil penalties are capped at $10,000, and any additional value equal to court costs, court fees, and reasonable attorney fees. |
Mississippi |
Mississippi Code Annotated, Section 97-29-64.1 |
Depiction of person's intimate parts:
|
A first offense is treated as a misdemeanor, punishable by up to six months in a county jail and/or a fine of up to $1,000. A second or subsequent violation is treated as a felony, punishable by up to one year in prison and/or a fine of up to $2,000. If the offense is committed for financial profit, it will be treated as a felony, punishable by one year in prison and/or a fine of up to $2,000. |
Missouri |
Revised Statues of Missouri, Section 573.110 & 573.112 |
Nonconsensual dissemination of private sexual images:
|
Offenses are treated as a class D felony, punishable by up to seven years in state prison, a fine of up to $10,000, or both. Crime is also subject to forfeiture provisions. Threats to disclose private sexual images is a class E felony. The victim can also pursue a private cause of action for civil damages. Recovery can be $10,000 or actual damages, whichever is greater. |
Montana |
Montana Code Annotated, Section 45-8-213 (1)(d) |
Privacy in communications:
|
Violations begin as misdemeanor but can become a felony when repeated. First offense is punishable by a fine of up to $500, up to six months jail time, or both. Second offense is punishable by a fine of up to $1,000, up to one year jail time, or both. Third and later offense is punishable by up to $10,000 fine, up to five years in prison, or both. |
Nebraska |
Nebraska Revised Statutes, Section 28-311.08, Section 25-3503 |
Unlawful intrusion:
|
First offense:
Subsequent violation:
Civil remedies, which the victim may also pursue, include economic and noneconomic damages as well as potential recovery of attorneys' fees. |
Nevada |
Nevada Revised Statutes, Section 200-780 |
Unlawful dissemination of intimate image:
|
Class D felony offense, punishable by one to four years in prison, and a fine of up to $5,000, or both. |
New Hampshire |
New Hampshire Revised Statutes, Section 644:9-a |
Nonconsensual dissemination of private sexual images:
|
Class B felony, punishable by one to seven years in state prison, a fine of up to $4,000, or both. Law provides for forfeiture of property. |
New Jersey |
New Jersey Code, Section 2C:14-9 |
Invasion of privacy: at Section (c)
|
Crime of the third degree, punishable by three to five-10 years in state prison, a fine of up to $15,000, or both. |
New Mexico |
New Mexico Statutes, Section 30-37A-1 |
Unauthorized distribution of sensitive images:
|
First offense:
Second offense:
|
New York |
Consolidated Laws of New York, Section 245.15 |
Unlawful dissemination or publication of an intimate image:
|
Class A misdemeanor, punishable by up to 364 days in jail, a fine of up to $1,000, or both. |
North Carolina |
General Statutes, Section 14-190.5A |
Disclosure of private images:
|
Class H felony, punishable by up to 3 years in state prison, a fine, or both. Civil action for actual and punitive damages is also available. |
North Dakota |
North Dakota Century Code, Section 12.1-17-07.2 |
Distribution of intimate images without consent:
|
. Class A misdemeanor, punishable by up to 360 days in jail, a fine up to $3,000, or both. |
Ohio |
Ohio Revised Code, Section 2917.211(B) |
Nonconsensual dissemination of private sexual images: Knowing dissemination of an image of another person when all of the following apply:
|
First offense:
Second offense:
Subsequent Offenses:
Forfeiture of property available. Civil action available. |
Oklahoma |
Oklahoma Statutes, Section 1040.13b |
Nonconsensual dissemination of private sexual images:
|
Misdemeanor, punishable by up to one year in jail, a fine of up to $1,000, or both. If committed for financial gain, a felony offense, punishable by up to four years in prison. A second felony offense can lead to up to 10 years in prison and sex offender registration. |
Oregon |
Oregon Revised Statutes, Section 163.472 |
Unlawful dissemination of an intimate image:
|
Class A misdemeanor, punishable by up to 364 days in jail, up to $6,250 fine, or both. For second and later offenses: Class C felony, punishable by up to five years in prison, up to $125,000 fine, or both. |
Pennsylvania |
Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, Title 18 Section 3131 |
Unlawful dissemination of intimate image:
|
If victim is an adult (18 years or older), then second-degree misdemeanor, punishable by up to two years in jail, a fine of up to $5,000, or both. If victim is a minor (under 18 years of age), then first-degree misdemeanor, punishable by up to five years in jail, a fine of up to $10,000, or both. |
Rhode Island |
Rhode Island General Laws, Section 11-64-3 |
Unauthorized dissemination of indecent material:
|
First violation:
Second or subsequent violation:
If the violation involves financial benefit or requires financial payment to remove from public view:
|
South Carolina |
None |
There is no specific revenge porn law in South Carolina. |
Not applicable |
South Dakota |
South Dakota Statutes, Section 22-21-4 |
Under this privacy statute, the following acts are illegal:
|
Class 1 misdemeanor, punishable by up to one year in jail, a fine of up to $2,000, or both. If the victim is 17 years old or younger:
|
Tennessee |
Tennessee Code, Section 39-17-318 |
Unlawful exposure:
|
Class A misdemeanor, punishable by up to 11 months and 29 days in jail, a fine of up to $2,500, or both. |
Texas |
Texas Penal Code, Section 21.16 |
Unlawful disclosure or promotion of intimate visual material:
|
State jail felony, punishable by jail time of 180 days to two years, a fine of up to $10,000, or both. |
Utah |
Utah Criminal Code, Section 76-5b-203 |
Distribution of intimate image:
|
Class A misdemeanor, punishable by up to 364 days in jail, a fine of up to $2,500, or both. For second and later offenses, felony of the third degree, punishable by up to five years in prison, a fine of up to $5,000, or both. |
Vermont |
Vermont Statutes, 13 V.S.A. Section 2606 |
Disclosure of sexually explicit images without consent:
|
Violations of the statute are punishable by up to two years in jail/prison, a fine of up to $2,000, or both. If the offender disseminates the material for profit, the offense is punishable by up to five years jail/prison, a fine of up to $10,000, or both. Civil action available for victim, including damages and injunctive relief. |
Virginia |
Code of Virginia, Section 18.2-386.2 |
Unlawful dissemination or sale of images of another:
|
Class 1 misdemeanor, punishable by up to 12 months in jail, a fine of up to $2,500, or both. |
Washington |
Washington Revised Code, Section 9A.86.010 |
Disclosing intimate images:
|
First offense:
Second offense or later:
|
West Virginia |
Code of West Virginia, Section 61-8-28a |
Nonconsensual disclosure of private intimate images:
|
Misdemeanor, punishable by up to one year in jail, a fine of $1,000 to $5,000, or both. Second or later offense, punishable as a felony, up to three years in prison, a fine of $2,500 to $10,000, or both. |
Wisconsin |
Code of Wisconsin, Section 942.09 |
Representations depicting nudity:
|
Class A misdemeanor, punishable by up to nine months in jail, a fine of up to $10,000, or both. Class I felony (if the victim is under 18 years old), punishable by up to three years and six months in prison, a fine of up to $10,000, or both. |
Wyoming |
Wyoming Statutes, Section 6-4-306 |
Unlawful dissemination of intimate images:
|
Misdemeanor, punishable by up to 1 year in jail, a fine up to $5,000, or both. |
State laws are always subject to change through the passage of new legislation, rulings in the higher courts (including federal decisions), ballot initiatives, and other means. While we strive to provide the most current information available, please consult an attorney or conduct your own legal research to verify the state law(s) you are researching.
Need More Help? Speak With an Attorney Today
It can be traumatic and scary to navigate the fallout of revenge porn when you're the victim. Seeking justice is one step in the road to recovery from such trauma. If you've been victimized in such a way, consider speaking with a qualified personal injury attorney near you. You can also reach out to national advocacy organizations like the Cyber Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI). They can help you with all the various aspects of being the victim of revenge porn.
When it comes to committing a crime like revenge porn, people often do not think through the consequences of their actions. It might only be one click out of anger or jealousy, but it can bring a lifetime of pain to the victim and the offender. If you or someone you know has been charged under these laws, consider seeking legal advice to protect your rights. There are many excellent attorneys out there who can assist you with a defense. You can start the process today by reaching out to a criminal defense attorney near you to learn more.
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