{"id":286932,"date":"2016-04-04T10:41:53","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:41:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/bankruptcy\/debt-relief\/consequences-of-a-student-loan-default.html"},"modified":"2025-08-05T09:22:24","modified_gmt":"2025-08-05T14:22:24","slug":"consequences-of-a-student-loan-default","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/bankruptcy\/debt-relief\/consequences-of-a-student-loan-default.html","title":{"rendered":"Consequences of a Student Loan Default"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Consequences of a Student Loan Default<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/amy-vandervort-clark-j-d\/\">Amy Vandervort-Clark, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/susan-richmond-esq\/\">Susan Mills Richmond, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            August 05, 2025\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>Are you struggling with student loan debt? You are not alone. After mortgages, student loans are the largest consumer debt many of us carry. Higher education costs have\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d23\/tables\/dt23_330.10.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">more than doubled<\/a>\u00a0over the last four decades while incomes have lagged, making student loan repayment more challenging.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>What happens if you can&#8217;t repay your student loans and default? This article explains what consequences you might face and explores the available options.<\/p>\n<h2>Student Loans<\/h2>\n<p>Student loans are the financial aid you\u00a0received to attend a college or university. Once you&#8217;re no longer in school, you must repay these loans after a grace period. Scholarships and grants are different from loans and\u00a0do not require\u00a0repayment.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/education\/higher-education\/what-is-college-loan-forgiveness.html\">Student loan forgiveness<\/a>\u00a0is also available for certain public service, non-profit employees, and teachers.<\/p>\n<p>There are different types of student loans. Federal student aid may include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Direct subsidized loans<\/li>\n<li>Direct unsubsidized loans<\/li>\n<li>Perkins loans<\/li>\n<li>Parent PLUS loans<\/li>\n<li>Grad PLUS loans<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Private loans\u00a0also have different types and can be acquired by the student or a parent\u00a0to pay for the\u00a0education costs. If you are unsure what type of loan you have, check with your loan servicer or take a look at\u00a0your credit report.<\/p>\n<h2>What Is a Default?<\/h2>\n<p>A student loan default occurs when a borrower fails to make multiple\u00a0monthly payments on their student loan. The borrower may be responsible for collection fees, late fees, additional interest, and the commission charged by a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/bankruptcy\/debt-relief\/debt-collection-laws.html\">debt collection agency<\/a>\u00a0that purchases the debt.<\/p>\n<p>You cannot apply for new student loans if you have any in default. A default has a negative effect on your credit rating that can follow you through the rest of your life. Getting\u00a0other loans, such as an auto loan or a home\u00a0mortgage, may be difficult with a student loan default on your credit report<\/p>\n<h2>Delinquency vs. Default<\/h2>\n<p>Delinquency begins the first day a borrower misses a payment. The lender will send notices as\u00a0a warning sign to the borrower, informing them to make up the missed payments before their\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/bankruptcy\/debt-relief\/your-options-when-you-can-t-repay-student-loans.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">student loan goes into default<\/a>. Your default will begin the adding of late fees and penalties to your debt.<\/p>\n<p>If a borrower remains delinquent for nine months (270 days), the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.consumerfinance.gov\/ask-cfpb\/what-happens-if-i-default-on-a-federal-student-loan-en-663\/#:~:text=Default%20is%20the%20failure%20to,in%20more%20than%20270%20days.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">student loan enters default<\/a>. When a student\u00a0loan enters a default, you are\u00a0immediately liable for the entire amount of the defaulted student loan. The default appears on your credit history and the\u00a0lender can begin legal action against you. You no longer have the option to request a forbearance or deferment.<\/p>\n<p>Those in default on\u00a0student loan obligations may qualify for the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/studentaid.gov\/announcements-events\/default-fresh-start\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Fresh Start program<\/a>. This program can help bring your loans current, but many of its options expired\u00a0at the end of September 2024.<\/p>\n<h2>Consequences of Defaulting on Your Federal Student Loans<\/h2>\n<p>Consequences and remedies for defaulting can vary depending on whether your loan is a private or federal loan.<\/p>\n<p>The federal government has many powers to collect late payments and defaults. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ed.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">U.S. Department of Education<\/a>\u00a0can do any of the following to collect the debt:<\/p>\n<h3>Take Your Tax Refund<\/h3>\n<p>One of the most effective methods that the Department of Education and loan guaranty agencies use to collect defaulted student loan debt is to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/wages-and-benefits\/garnishment-of-wages.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">seize your tax refund<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The IRS gets an annual report from the Department of Education\u00a0that contains\u00a0a list of defaulting student loans. Before the IRS takes your refund, you will receive a notification from the Department or the loan guaranty agency offering\u00a0the options of paying the debt or appealing the offset.<\/p>\n<p>Unless you appeal, the IRS automatically takes your federal and state income tax refund and applies it toward your loan repayment. A borrower may appeal the offset by asserting one of the following defenses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The loan has been repaid<\/li>\n<li>The loan is being paid under a negotiated repayment plan<\/li>\n<li>The loan is in deferment, forbearance, or canceled<\/li>\n<li>The borrower is deceased or suffers from permanent and total disability<\/li>\n<li>The loan does not belong to the borrower<\/li>\n<li>The loan is unenforceable because of fraud, such as a forged signature<\/li>\n<li>The school owes the borrower a refund<\/li>\n<li>The borrower&#8217;s school closed<\/li>\n<li>The borrower was falsely certified for loan eligibility<\/li>\n<li>The borrower has filed for bankruptcy, and the case is still pending, or a bankruptcy discharged the loan<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The borrower must issue an\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/studentaid.gov\/manage-loans\/default\/collections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">objection to the offset within 65 days from the date of the notice.<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Garnish Your Paycheck<\/h3>\n<p>The Department of Education and loan guaranty agencies may also\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/tax\/tax-problems-audits\/wage-garnishment-faq.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">garnish wages<\/a>\u00a0to collect student loan debt. They do not need a court judgment for garnishment.<\/p>\n<p>The Department and the loan guaranty can garnish your income in the following manner:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>They\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/studentaid.gov\/help-center\/answers\/article\/what-is-wage-garnishment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can take up to 15% of your disposable income<\/a><\/li>\n<li>This amount must be less than 30 times the federal hourly minimum wage ($7.25 per hour effective July 24, 2009)<\/li>\n<li>The Department or agency can&#8217;t garnish more than $217.50 of a debtor&#8217;s weekly income<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Before the garnishment, the borrower will:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Receive notification with information about the garnishment<\/li>\n<li>Be given the opportunity to repay the debt<\/li>\n<li>Be given the right to request a hearing to dispute the wage garnishment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If a borrower requests a hearing within the due date specified in the notice, the borrower&#8217;s wages are safe from garnishment while the case is under review. Failing\u00a0to make such a request by the deadline allows\u00a0wage garnishment may proceed,\u00a0but it will end if the borrower prevails in a hearing.<\/p>\n<h3>Seize Your Federal Benefits<\/h3>\n<p>The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/fiscal.treasury.gov\/debt-management\/about\/about-dcia.html#:~:text=The%20Debt%20Collection%20Improvement%20Act%20of%201996%2C%20or,tasked%20Treasury%20with%20certain%20governmentwide%20debt%20collection%20responsibilities.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Debt Collection Improvement Act<\/a>\u00a0allows the government to take some\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/socialsecurity\/social-security-disability\/social-security-disability-benefits.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Social Security benefits<\/a>\u00a0from a student loan borrower in default. The Act has the following key provisions that apply to student loan payments when a borrower defaults:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supplemental Security Income is off-limits<\/li>\n<li>Social Security retirement benefits and Social Security disability benefits can be set aside to pay loan debt<\/li>\n<li>An annual limit of\u00a0$9,000 ($750 per month)\u00a0is eligible, and\u00a0Social Security benefits remain intact if the borrower receives less than this amount<\/li>\n<li>The amount cannot exceed 15% of the borrower&#8217;s federal benefit<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The borrower may object to the offset by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/fiscal.treasury.gov\/cross-servicing\/awg\/awg-individual.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">requesting a review hearing<\/a>\u00a0within the time specified by the notice. A borrower can also request a suspension or a modification due to\u00a0financial hardship. The borrower must provide documentation, such as proof of yearly income, proof of federal benefit, or\u00a0a financial statement,\u00a0at the hearing.<\/p>\n<h3>Revoke Your Professional License<\/h3>\n<p>Some states allow professional and vocational boards to revoke, suspend, or refuse to certify a license when the member has defaulted on student loan debt. This applies to attorneys, medical professionals, teachers, and state officers. The borrower may request a hearing with the board to review the potential action.<\/p>\n<h3>Take Civil Action<\/h3>\n<p>The Department of Education\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/bankruptcy\/debt-relief\/what-should-i-do-if-i-ve-been-sued-for-debt.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">can sue to collect<\/a>\u00a0on a student loan default. As\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/accident-injury-law\/time-limits-to-bring-a-case-the-statute-of-limitations.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">statutes\u00a0of limitations<\/a>\u00a0don&#8217;t apply, the agency has no time limitations on collecting the debt. They can attach lien to your real property and garnish wages to recover the amount owed.<\/p>\n<p>If the borrower does not have enough valuable assets or a lawsuit would exceed the amount recovered from the debtor, the Department will most likely decide against suing the borrower.<\/p>\n<h2>Your House, Retirement Savings, or Inheritance<\/h2>\n<p>The Department can collect from assets such as bank accounts and valuable property.\u00a0It\u00a0can also\u00a0place a lien on your real property. As a result of such a lien, the borrower may not sell the property until either\u00a0the lien gets removed or they&#8217;re\u00a0given permission. Any money\u00a0received\u00a0from the sale of that property will go to pay for the defaulted\u00a0loans.<\/p>\n<p>Once it hits your bank accounts, the government may seize an inheritance to meet a judgment against you. However, certain retirement accounts are exempt from seizure.<\/p>\n<h2>Private Student Loans<\/h2>\n<p>Private lenders will come after you if you default on your private student loan under the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/bankruptcy\/debt-relief\/debt-collection-laws.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA)<\/a>. Some of the consequences of default include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lower credit score<\/li>\n<li>A lawsuit against you to garnish your wages or to take money out of your bank account<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Your original lender may not contact you. A private lender may sell your account to a debt collector, who then tries to collect payment.<\/p>\n<h2>Getting\u00a0Loans Out of Default<\/h2>\n<p>How you can get your loans out of default will depend on the lender. If you defaulted on a federal student loan, here are some of your options:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Enter a loan rehabilitation agreement, which requires you to make a number of payments for a specific time<\/li>\n<li>Pay the full loan amount<\/li>\n<li>Apply for a consolidation loan<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you default on a private student loan, the best option is to negotiate new repayment options with the loan holder.<\/p>\n<h2>Student Loan Bankruptcy<\/h2>\n<p>In most instances, student loans are not eligible for discharge when you\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/bankruptcy.html\">file for bankruptcy<\/a>. If you have filed\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/bankruptcy\/chapter-7.html\">Chapter 7<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/bankruptcy\/chapter-13.html\">Chapter 13 bankruptcy<\/a>, you may ask for special consideration for student loans by filing an adversary proceeding.<\/p>\n<p>You must show the bankruptcy court that paying your student loans is an undue hardship.\u00a0An\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/bankruptcy\/debt-relief\/what-is-the-student-loan-crisis-.html\">undue hardship<\/a>\u00a0means you cannot maintain a minimal standard of living for yourself and your dependents because of your loan debts. This hardship will continue for the duration of your repayment period, disrupting your\u00a0good faith efforts to repay your obligations.<\/p>\n<p>Private loans are easier to have discharged as federal programs offer many repayment options.<\/p>\n<h2>Facing a Student Loan Default? Get Legal Help<\/h2>\n<p>Defaulting on your student loans can have a devastating effect on your long-term\u00a0financial health. While you may be unsure how to escape student loan debt, you don&#8217;t have to remain in the dark about the laws and your rights. Before your loans go into default, start a conversation with your loan provider. If you&#8217;re in default or facing a lawsuit, seek the advice of an attorney experienced in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/education-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">education<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/bankruptcy-law\/?fli=dcta\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">bankruptcy<\/a>, or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/debtor-creditor\/?fli=dcta\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">debt collections<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                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rel=\"noopener\">Learn more about FindLaw\u2019s newsletters<\/a>, including our terms of use and privacy policy.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"general-list\">\n    <h3>You May Also Like:<\/h3>\n    <ul class=\"fl-list fl-no-margin\">\n                                    <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/bankruptcy\/debt-relief\/your-options-when-you-can-t-repay-student-loans.html\">\n                        Your Options When You Can&#8217;t Repay Student Loans\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/bankruptcy\/debt-relief\/debt-management-plans.html\">\n                        What is a Debt Management Plan (DMP)?\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                        <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A student loan default occurs when the borrower fails to stay current with the payments on their student loan. 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