{"id":351425,"date":"2020-03-17T09:36:43","date_gmt":"2020-03-17T14:36:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/voting\/how-do-i-protect-my-right-to-vote\/foreign-interference-in-us-elections-laws.html"},"modified":"2026-05-04T09:31:18","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T14:31:18","slug":"foreign-interference-in-us-elections-laws","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-do-i-protect-my-right-to-vote\/foreign-interference-in-us-elections-laws.html","title":{"rendered":"Foreign Election Interference Laws in the United States"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Foreign Election Interference Laws in the United States<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/balrina-ahluwalia-esq\/\">Balrina Ahluwalia, Esq.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/laura-temme-esq\/\">Laura Temme, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            May 04, 2026\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p><span data-term-id=\"57655222\">Foreign <\/span><span data-term-id=\"57655213\">election interference<\/span> laws are federal statutes, executive orders, and regulations designed to prevent <span data-term-id=\"57655218\">foreign nationals<\/span>, <span data-term-id=\"57655228\">foreign governments<\/span>, and foreign agents from influencing <span data-term-id=\"57655216\">U.S. elections<\/span>. These laws prohibit various forms of interference, including illegal campaign contributions, cyberattacks, <span data-term-id=\"57655223\">disinformation<\/span> campaigns, and covert funding. Violations can result in criminal penalties such as fines and imprisonment, as well as economic <span data-term-id=\"57655241\">sanctions<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-term-id=\"57655222\">Foreign <\/span><span data-term-id=\"57655213\">election interference<\/span> is a serious threat to the integrity of <span data-term-id=\"57655216\">U.S. elections<\/span>. In recent years, efforts to meddle with American elections have come from countries like <span data-term-id=\"57655215\">Russia<\/span>, China, and <span data-term-id=\"57655210\">Iran<\/span>. These attempts aim to influence U.S. politics and weaken trust in democracy.<\/p>\n<p>The <span data-term-id=\"57655229\">United States government<\/span> has developed laws and enforcement mechanisms to ensure the integrity of election results. Understanding these safeguards is important for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/immigration\/citizenship\/citizenship-basics.html\"><span data-term-id=\"57655236\">American citizens<\/span><\/a>. Protecting democracy is a shared responsibility, and every voter plays a part.<\/p>\n<p>This article explores the nature of <span data-term-id=\"57655212\">foreign interference<\/span> and its potential impact on <span data-term-id=\"57655216\">U.S. elections<\/span>. We review <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-do-i-protect-my-right-to-vote\/election-interference-laws-in-the-u-s.html\">existing legal protections<\/a> and their enforcement mechanisms. We\u2019ll also provide you with practical insight to help you steer clear of <span data-term-id=\"57655238\">foreign influence<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>If you suspect violations of <span data-term-id=\"57655212\">foreign interference<\/span> or campaign finance laws, consider speaking with a lawyer. An <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/election-campaign-political-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">election law attorney licensed in your state<\/a> can help you understand your legal options. That way, you can make informed decisions about your next steps.<\/p>\n<p>In the meantime, let\u2019s start our discussion with some basics.<\/p>\n<h2>What Is <span data-term-id=\"57655222\">Foreign <\/span><span data-term-id=\"57655213\">Election Interference<\/span>?<\/h2>\n<p>The\u00a0U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)\u00a0defines <span data-term-id=\"57655222\">foreign <\/span><span data-term-id=\"57655213\">election interference<\/span> as harmful actions taken by a <span data-term-id=\"57655228\">foreign government<\/span>, <span data-term-id=\"57655218\">foreign nationals<\/span>, or foreign agents to influence or undermine U.S. political processes. These actions are designed to weaken the interests of the United States and its allies. It can do this by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Damaging trust in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-u-s-elections-work\/how-does-the-electoral-college-work-.html\">the electoral system<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Influencing policy decisions<\/li>\n<li>Creating social or political conflict<\/li>\n<li>Shaping public debate<\/li>\n<li>Disrupting financial markets or government operations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"57655222\">Foreign <\/span><span data-term-id=\"57655213\">election interference<\/span> can be overt, like public statements by foreign leaders. It can also be covert, like cyberattacks or secret funding. Interference can target various groups of people, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting.html\">Voters<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Campaigns<\/li>\n<li>Political parties<\/li>\n<li>Election infrastructure<\/li>\n<li>Private companies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Regardless of the target, the goal is almost always the same. The foreign actor is trying to advance an institution, political party, or candidate in such a way that benefits them.<\/p>\n<h2>Examples of <span data-term-id=\"57655222\">Foreign <\/span><span data-term-id=\"57655213\">Election Interference<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"57655212\">Foreign interference<\/span> can take many forms, and new threats continue to emerge. In this section, we review some of the most common and concerning types.<\/p>\n<h3>Covert Funding or Support<\/h3>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"57655228\">Foreign governments<\/span> sometimes try to shape U.S. political debates without revealing who is really behind the message. This can involve:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Paying public\u2011facing individuals to promote certain political views<\/li>\n<li>Funding advocacy efforts, candidates, or opposition research<\/li>\n<li>Building relationships with political groups while hiding foreign ties<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For example, U.S. officials have identified cases where people acted on behalf of <span data-term-id=\"57655228\">foreign governments<\/span> to influence political conversations without disclosing their affiliation.<\/p>\n<h3>Forgeries and Fake Leaks<\/h3>\n<p>Some foreign groups create fake documents and release them online. They do this to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-do-i-protect-my-right-to-vote-\/voting-rights-history-and-law.html\">mislead voters <\/a>or damage a candidate\u2019s reputation. These materials are designed to look real so people will share them. This might include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/forgery.html\">Forged emails or letters<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Altered financial documents<\/li>\n<li>Fake \u201cleaked\u201d memos posted on <span data-term-id=\"57655217\">social media<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Researchers have found forged documents circulating online during election seasons. Foreign actors released them shortly before voting in the hopes they would be mistaken for genuine leaks.<\/p>\n<h3>Cyberattacks<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/practice-of-law\/annual-data-security-report-shows-increase-in-attacks-against-law-firms\/\">Cyberattacks<\/a> on election infrastructure occur when foreign actors try to break into computer systems that help run an election. These might include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/findlaw.com\/voting\/my-voting-guide\/what-is-automatic-voter-registration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Voter registration<\/a> databases<\/li>\n<li>Election websites<\/li>\n<li>Ballot counting systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Foreign groups also use these techniques to access email accounts.<\/p>\n<p>This occurred during the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/wanted\/cyber\/russian-interference-in-2016-u-s-elections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 <span data-term-id=\"57655237\">presidential election<\/span>. <span data-term-id=\"57655227\">Russian<\/span> operatives hacked <\/a>the email accounts of Clinton campaign officials and other <span data-term-id=\"57655220\">Democrats<\/span> before releasing the emails publicly.<\/p>\n<h3><span data-term-id=\"57655223\">Disinformation<\/span> and Propaganda<\/h3>\n<p>Foreign groups often also spread false or misleading information online and elsewhere. The goal is to confuse voters or create division. This might take the form of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/personal-injury\/is-there-liability-for-publishing-fake-news\/\">Fake news articles<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Misleading memes<\/li>\n<li>Manipulated videos<\/li>\n<li>False claims about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-do-i-protect-my-right-to-vote\/introduction-to-federal-voting-rights-laws.html\">voting rules<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For example, let\u2019s say <span data-term-id=\"57655238\">foreign influence<\/span> networks create fake <span data-term-id=\"57655217\">social media<\/span> accounts. They impersonate actual U.S. news outlets, American voters, and others. Using these accounts, they post fabricated political narratives about candidates in American elections.<\/p>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"57655223\">Disinformation<\/span> campaigns like these tend to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/law-and-life\/tiktoks-privacy-policy-has-changed-should-users-be-worried\/\">spread quickly on <span data-term-id=\"57655230\">TikTok<\/span><\/a>, X, and other <span data-term-id=\"57655217\">social media<\/span> platforms.<\/p>\n<h3>Artificial Intelligence (AI) Generated Content<\/h3>\n<p>Foreign actors have also begun using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/practice-of-law\/havent-started-using-ai-yet-you-arent-as-behind-as-you-might-think\/\">AI to produce realistic content<\/a> and circulate deepfakes. These are digitally altered media that make it seem like someone said or did something they didn\u2019t.<\/p>\n<p>This new technology has allowed foreign actors to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Clone voices and create fake audio<\/li>\n<li>Swap faces on readily available images<\/li>\n<li>Create new images, videos, and audio of nonexistent people<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"57655238\">Foreign influence<\/span> groups frequently spread <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/law-and-life\/deepfake-dilemma-what-are-lawmakers-doing-about-ai-rip-offs\/\"><span data-term-id=\"57655223\">disinformation<\/span> using AI deepfakes<\/a>. They might depict American voters, journalists, experts, or politicians.<\/p>\n<p>U.S. officials reported the circulation of an\u00a0<span data-term-id=\"57655225\">Iranian<\/span>-linked deepfake video during the 2020 election cycle. It portrayed an American political figure making false statements about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-u-s-elections-work\/what-is-electoral-and-voter-fraud-.html\">election fraud<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Online Harassment and Intimidation<\/h3>\n<p>Foreign groups may also try to influence elections. They might target political figures, journalists, or activists with coordinated <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/employment-law-and-human-resources\/discrimination-and-harassment.html\">harassment<\/a>. The goal is often to silence certain voices or create confusion. This can involve:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Organized waves of abusive or threatening messages<\/li>\n<li>False accusations spread by networks of fake accounts<\/li>\n<li>Manipulated images or claims meant to damage someone\u2019s reputation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>How does this work? For example, foreign actors can flood a local activist\u2019s <span data-term-id=\"57655217\">social media<\/span> with threatening messages to scare them out of speaking at an upcoming <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-u-s-elections-work\/how-does-a-caucus-work-.html\"><span data-term-id=\"57655244\">caucus meeting<\/span><\/a>. This would constitute\u00a0<span data-term-id=\"57655212\">foreign interference<\/span>\u00a0through online harassment\/intimidation.<\/p>\n<h3><span data-term-id=\"57655235\">Bots<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Foreign groups sometimes use large numbers of automated <span data-term-id=\"57655217\">social media<\/span> accounts to spread messages. These <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/legally-weird\/me-robot-bad-bots-spark-trouble-for-tinder\/\"><span data-term-id=\"57655235\">bot<\/span> networks<\/a> can bother voters or make extreme ideas look more popular than they are. For example, a wave of accounts pretending to be <span data-term-id=\"57655240\">Canadians<\/span> may push \u201c<span data-term-id=\"57655232\">breaking news<\/span>\u201d about a U.S. issue to make it seem like a major crisis.<\/p>\n<h3>Encrypted Messaging Apps<\/h3>\n<p>Foreign operatives often use <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/courtside\/leak-reveals-israeli-government-interfered-with-whatsapps-lawsuit-against-spyware-company\/\">apps like WhatsApp, Telegram, or Signal<\/a> to send propaganda. The apps use encryption, which can help hide the content of their messages. This can make it easier to spread false information or influence people without being noticed.<\/p>\n<p>A <span data-term-id=\"57655238\">foreign influence<\/span> group may share false stories about <span data-term-id=\"57655224\">Israel<\/span> in a private WhatsApp group chat, linking the country to some recent event. This is done to sway public opinion before an election.<\/p>\n<h2>Is <span data-term-id=\"57655213\">Election Interference<\/span> a Federal Crime in America?<\/h2>\n<p>It depends. <span data-term-id=\"57655213\">Election interference<\/span> becomes a federal crime when it violates specific federal statutes. Whether particular conduct constitutes a federal crime depends on factors such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A ballot that includes one or more federal candidates<\/li>\n<li>An <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-u-s-elections-work\/how-to-become-an-election-official.html\">election official<\/a> abuses their authority<\/li>\n<li>Intentionally false voter registrations are involved<\/li>\n<li>It intentionally targets protected minority groups<\/li>\n<li>Federal campaign finance laws are violated<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These criteria reflect the\u00a0<span data-term-id=\"57655239\">federal government<\/span>&#8216;s\u00a0seriousness about <span data-term-id=\"57655213\">election interference<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h2><span data-term-id=\"57655212\">Foreign Interference<\/span> vs. Domestic Interference<\/h2>\n<p>Foreign and domestic interference are two distinct concepts. Both can harm elections, but they are legally and politically different. We briefly discuss these differences below.<\/p>\n<h3><span data-term-id=\"57655212\">Foreign Interference<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inss.org.il\/publication\/influence-and-interference\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-term-id=\"57655212\">Foreign interference<\/span><\/a> involves actions by a <span data-term-id=\"57655242\">foreign country<\/span>, <span data-term-id=\"57655218\">foreign nationals<\/span>, or foreign agents. Their goal is to manipulate U.S. political processes for their own benefit. Examples include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cyberattacks<\/li>\n<li><span data-term-id=\"57655223\">Disinformation<\/span> campaigns<\/li>\n<li>Covert operations<\/li>\n<li>Attempts to sway election results<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Countries like <span data-term-id=\"57655210\">Iran<\/span>, <span data-term-id=\"57655215\">Russia<\/span>, and others have been linked to such activities. These include <span data-term-id=\"57655225\">Iranian<\/span> actors who have been accused of sending threatening emails to voters in <span data-term-id=\"57655234\">New York<\/span> and other states during recent election cycles.<\/p>\n<h3>Domestic Interference<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.governing.com\/politics\/domestic-disruptions-are-equal-risk-to-foreign-interference-in-2024-election-experts-say\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Domestic interference<\/a> happens inside the United States and involves U.S. actors. The intent may vary, but the goal is generally to disrupt or influence the election process. This might take the form of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lobbying<\/li>\n<li>Propaganda<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-u-s-elections-work\/analysis-of-campaign-finance-laws-by-state.html\">Illegal campaign contributions<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Manipulating <span data-term-id=\"57655217\">social media<\/span> platforms<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Both types of interference can damage trust in elections, but <span data-term-id=\"57655212\">foreign interference<\/span> raises additional national security concerns.<\/p>\n<h2>Protecting <span data-term-id=\"57655216\">U.S. Elections<\/span> From <span data-term-id=\"57655212\">Foreign Interference<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Democracy can\u2019t function properly if citizens don\u2019t trust the election results. The U.S. uses a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-do-i-protect-my-right-to-vote-\/voting-rights-history-and-law.html\">combination of laws<\/a>, regulations, and executive actions to protect elections.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s examine some of the protections in place to safeguard the integrity of <span data-term-id=\"57655216\">U.S. elections<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h2>Executive Order 13848<\/h2>\n<p>President Donald <span data-term-id=\"57655211\">Trump<\/span> issued Executive Order 13848 on September 12, 2018. It declared a national emergency under the <a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/us\/title-50-war-and-national-defense\/50-usc-sect-1701\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Emergency Economic Powers Act<\/a>, citing the threat of <span data-term-id=\"57655212\">foreign interference<\/span> in <span data-term-id=\"57655216\">U.S. elections<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/cfr\/title-31-money-and-finance-treasury\/cfr-pt-31-579-app-a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The order requires<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Assessments of <span data-term-id=\"57655212\">foreign interference<\/span> after every <span data-term-id=\"57655214\">federal election<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Reports from intelligence agencies<\/li>\n<li>Possible <span data-term-id=\"57655241\">sanctions<\/span> against foreign actors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The national emergency has been renewed every year since 2018. The most recent renewal extends the national emergency until September 12, 2026.<\/p>\n<h3>Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA)<\/h3>\n<p>In 1938, Congress passed the <a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/us\/title-22-foreign-relations-and-intercourse\/22-usc-sect-611\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FARA to increase transparency<\/a> related to <span data-term-id=\"57655238\">foreign influence<\/span>. It places obligations on parties acting on behalf of <span data-term-id=\"57655228\">foreign governments<\/span> or political interests. They must:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Register with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Justice<\/a> (DOJ)<\/li>\n<li>Disclose their activities<\/li>\n<li>Report financial relationships<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Failure to do so can lead to criminal charges, civil penalties, or both. FARA violations can also occur when foreign agents secretly attempt to influence U.S. political processes.<\/p>\n<h3>Countering America\u2019s Adversaries Through <span data-term-id=\"57655241\">Sanctions<\/span> Act (CAATSA)<\/h3>\n<p>In 2017, Congress <a href=\"https:\/\/congress.gov\/115\/plaws\/publ44\/PLAW-115publ44.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">passed CAATSA<\/a> to punish and deter a range of destabilizing activities by <span data-term-id=\"57655215\">Russia<\/span>, <span data-term-id=\"57655210\">Iran<\/span>, and North Korea. This includes <span data-term-id=\"57655213\">election interference<\/span>, cyberattacks, and other threats to national security. The CAATSA allows the U.S. to place strong <span data-term-id=\"57655241\">sanctions<\/span> on these <span data-term-id=\"57655228\">foreign governments<\/span> and individuals for such acts.<\/p>\n<h3>Other Legislative Efforts<\/h3>\n<p>Congress has also proposed several bills to strengthen election security. These include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Election Security Act<\/li>\n<li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/116th-congress\/senate-bill\/1469\/text\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prevention of <span data-term-id=\"57655212\">Foreign Interference<\/span> with Elections Act of 2019<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These bills didn\u2019t pass, but they highlight ongoing concerns about protecting election systems.<\/p>\n<h2>Election Contributions and Donations<\/h2>\n<p>Under <a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/us\/title-52-voting-and-elections\/52-usc-sect-30121.html\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Code<\/a>, <span data-term-id=\"57655218\">foreign nationals<\/span> aren\u2019t allowed to contribute, donate, or promise to donate money or \u201cother thing of value\u201d to any American election.<\/p>\n<p>This prohibits contributions to American:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Candidates<\/li>\n<li>Political parties<\/li>\n<li>Political committees<\/li>\n<li>Campaign committees<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>While the meaning of money is clear, \u201cother thing of value\u201d is ambiguous.<\/p>\n<h3>What Counts as a \u201cThing of Value\u201d?<\/h3>\n<p>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fec.gov\/resources\/cms-content\/documents\/2019-10-ELW-the-law-of-a-thing-of-value.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thing of value<\/a>\u201d is a well-established legal term. Courts usually interpret it to include both tangible and intangible benefits. In the context of elections, it can also be:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Opposition research<\/li>\n<li>Services provided by foreign consultants or strategists<\/li>\n<li>In-kind contributions, like free advertising or discounted services<\/li>\n<li>Access to foreign media outlets<\/li>\n<li>Coordinated messaging support<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Congress intentionally used this broad language to prevent loopholes and adapt to new forms of influence. As such, it is continually being interpreted by the courts and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fec.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-term-id=\"57655214\">Federal Election<\/span> Commission<\/a> (FEC).<\/p>\n<h2>State and Federal Roles in Election Protection<\/h2>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"57655212\">Foreign interference<\/span> is a national security issue, but the states primarily run <span data-term-id=\"57655216\">U.S. elections<\/span>. Efforts to curb <span data-term-id=\"57655213\">election interference<\/span> occur at both the state and federal levels. Cooperation is key to success.<\/p>\n<h3>State Responsibilities<\/h3>\n<p>States carry out the core functions of election administration. Their decisions shape how elections operate on the ground. State duties include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-u-s-elections-work.html\">Election administration<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Voter registration<\/li>\n<li>Ballot design<\/li>\n<li>Vote counting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These measures illustrate the central role states play in safeguarding election integrity.<\/p>\n<p>State and local officials are also the first line of defense against cyberattacks and misinformation. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting.html#:~:text=Guide%20to%20Voting%20in%20Your%20State\">State laws<\/a> often provide stronger protections than the federal baseline.<\/p>\n<h3>Federal Responsibilities<\/h3>\n<p>The <span data-term-id=\"57655239\">federal government<\/span> provides oversight, resources, and national-level protection against foreign threats. Federal agencies provide support and intelligence. These include the DHS, FBI, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisa.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency<\/a> (CISA).<\/p>\n<p>Federal laws set the minimum standards for <span data-term-id=\"57655214\">federal elections<\/span>. They address a range of issues, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-term-id=\"57655212\">Foreign interference<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-u-s-elections-work\/u-s-campaign-finance-laws.html\">Campaign finance<\/a><\/li>\n<li>National security threats<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This range of federal efforts helps ensure that states have the tools needed to defend against sophisticated threats. Indeed, many states also receive threat assessments from CISA\u2019s Election Security Advisor program.<\/p>\n<h2>Enforcement of <span data-term-id=\"57655212\">Foreign Interference<\/span> Laws<\/h2>\n<p>Several government agencies share responsibility for investigating and enforcing laws related to <span data-term-id=\"57655222\">foreign <\/span><span data-term-id=\"57655213\">election interference<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Parties that break these laws can face serious consequences. Depending on the violation, this might include criminal charges, civil penalties, and <span data-term-id=\"57655241\">sanctions<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>This section explores enforcement and penalties in further detail.<\/p>\n<h3>Federal Agencies<\/h3>\n<p>Federal agencies play a central role in enforcement efforts. They investigate potential violations and coordinate with the states. These include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>FBI<\/strong>: Investigates cyberattacks, <span data-term-id=\"57655238\">foreign influence<\/span> efforts, threats against election workers, and other violations of <span data-term-id=\"57655214\">federal election<\/span> laws<\/li>\n<li><strong>DOJ\u2019s Election Crimes Branch<\/strong>: Handles criminal prosecutions and works with U.S. Attorneys to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/criminal\/criminal-pin\/election-crimes-branch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">enforce federal statutes connected to elections<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>FEC<\/strong>: Oversees campaign finance rules, making sure candidates follow reporting requirements and do not accept money from foreign sources<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Federal statutes allow for fines and prison time for certain offenses. These include accepting foreign contributions and intimidating voters. Penalties can increase if conspiracy charges are involved.<\/p>\n<h3>State Agencies<\/h3>\n<p>State agencies enforce their own election laws.<\/p>\n<p>State and local <span data-term-id=\"57655233\">law enforcement<\/span> also assist federal authorities when potential federal violations appear in state or <span data-term-id=\"57655219\">local elections<\/span>. This might include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reporting suspicious activity<\/li>\n<li>Sharing evidence<\/li>\n<li>Investigating cases that may violate federal law<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Many states also have their own laws. They typically ban foreign-funded contributions, intimidation\/fraud, and tampering with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-u-s-elections-work\/voting-machines-history-security-and-potential-problems.html\">voting systems<\/a>. When violations occur, state attorneys general and local prosecutors can bring charges under state law.<\/p>\n<p>Penalties vary by state. They often include fines, jail time, or <span data-term-id=\"57655241\">sanctions<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h2>Practical Guidance<\/h2>\n<p>If you suspect <span data-term-id=\"57655212\">foreign interference<\/span>, you can report it to your state or <span data-term-id=\"57655219\">local election<\/span> office. You can also contact the FBI\u2019s local field office with your concerns. We address other common questions below.<\/p>\n<h3>What if a <span data-term-id=\"57655218\">Foreign National<\/span> Offers Me Campaign Assistance?<\/h3>\n<p>Federal law generally prohibits accepting such assistance. Campaign officials who receive such offers should decline them and report the contact to authorities. Individuals in this situation may wish to consult with an <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/election-campaign-political-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">election law attorney<\/a> about their specific circumstances.<\/p>\n<h3>Where Can I Find Official Election Information?<\/h3>\n<p>The most reliable information comes from state election websites, <span data-term-id=\"57655219\">local election<\/span> offices, and trusted federal resources like <a href=\"http:\/\/vote.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vote.gov<\/a>. This site provides official nationwide information. Voters can avoid confusion by relying on these and other verified websites.<\/p>\n<h3>How Can I Avoid <span data-term-id=\"57655223\">Disinformation<\/span>?<\/h3>\n<p>Staying alert to <span data-term-id=\"57655223\">disinformation<\/span> helps protect your vote. Be cautious of posts that use strong emotions, lack evidence, or come from unknown accounts. If something seems designed to shock or divide people, pause before sharing it. Look for original sources instead of screenshots or forwarded messages.<\/p>\n<p>Always check election claims against reliable news outlets or other trusted sources. You can verify claims using fact-checking sites like:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/factcheck.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FactCheck.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li>PolitiFact<\/li>\n<li>Snopes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>CISA also offers guidance on election security and hosts a helpful \u201cRumor Control\u201d page.<\/p>\n<h2>Navigating <span data-term-id=\"57655214\">Federal Election<\/span> Law<\/h2>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"57655212\">Foreign interference<\/span> laws can be confusing, particularly when the rules vary by state. A qualified attorney can explain what actions might create legal risk and how to handle unusual situations<\/p>\n<p>They can also help you avoid mistakes that might lead to fines or other consequences.<\/p>\n<p>If you\u2019d like professional guidance but aren\u2019t quite sure where to turn, you\u2019re not alone. FindLaw has made its <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/election-campaign-political-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directory of election law attorneys<\/a> publicly accessible. You can review background information about local experts using this resource. It will also tell you which ones offer free consultations.<\/p>\n<p>Look for someone who regularly handles situations like yours and arrange a meeting. Understanding your options is essential at this time.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                  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1.78839 2.79235 2.22309 2.72003 2.7L1.34003 11.7C1.29652 11.9866 1.31586 12.2793 1.39669 12.5577C1.47753 12.8362 1.61793 13.0937 1.80817 13.3125C1.99842 13.5313 2.23395 13.7061 2.49846 13.8248C2.76297 13.9435 3.05012 14.0033 3.34003 14H9.00003Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3423\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/div>\n    <span class=\"was-this-helpful__taken-action fl-text-sm-bold\"><\/span>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-container\">\n        <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n            <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <form class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form\">\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--positive\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Easy to understand\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                        >Easy to understand<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Solved my problem\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                        >Solved my problem<\/label>\n                    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Electioneering Law and Election Interference\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-u-s-elections-work\/what-is-electoral-and-voter-fraud-.html\">\n                        What Is Electoral and Voter Fraud?\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/voting\/how-u-s-elections-work\/u-s-campaign-finance-laws.html\">\n                        US Federal Campaign Financing Laws\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                        <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Foreign election interference by Russia, Iran, and others is a real threat. FindLaw explores legal protections for U.S. elections and how to spot foreign influence.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41135,"featured_media":0,"parent":351421,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticleWithBreadcrumbsController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_autodraft_ids":[],"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_sb_is_suggestion_mode":false,"_sb_show_suggestion_boards":false,"_sb_show_comment_boards":false,"_sb_suggestion_history":"","_sb_update_block_changes":"","_is_real_time_mode":false,"_realtime_collaborators":"","footnotes":"","cf_checklist_status":[]},"categories":[2731],"tags":[],"state_laws_tags":[],"flmsa":[],"class_list":["post-351425","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-voting"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/351425","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/41135"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=351425"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/351425\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":395927,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/351425\/revisions\/395927"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/351421"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=351425"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=351425"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=351425"},{"taxonomy":"state_laws_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/state_laws_tags?post=351425"},{"taxonomy":"flmsa","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/flmsa?post=351425"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}