{"id":351558,"date":"2018-11-28T12:28:52","date_gmt":"2018-11-28T17:28:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/family\/adoption\/adoption-without-parental-consent.html"},"modified":"2024-09-26T11:21:00","modified_gmt":"2024-09-26T16:21:00","slug":"adoption-without-parental-consent","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/adoption-without-parental-consent.html","title":{"rendered":"Adoption Without Parental Consent"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Adoption Without Parental Consent<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/lisa-burden-j-d\/\">Lisa Burden, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/rhonda-earhart-esq\/\">Rhonda Earhart, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            September 26, 2024\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>Parental consent is a safeguard for all the parties involved in an adoption. It encourages meaningful and thoughtful decision-making for the birth parents.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n<p>When a parent adopts a child, a new parent-child relationship is formed. Before this can happen, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/birth-parent-rights.html\">birth parents must give up their parental rights<\/a>. The responsibilities of the biological parent-child relationship are transferred to the adoptive parent. The adoption severs all legal ties between the birth parents and the child.<\/p>\r\n<p>Many adoptions involve both biological parents giving up their rights and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/consent-to-adoption-what-biological-parents-need-to-know.html\">consenting to the adoption<\/a>. Consent protects children from separation from their caregivers unless it&#8217;s necessary. It also reassures adoptive parents about the legality of the adoption process.<\/p>\r\n<p>Parental consent isn&#8217;t needed in some situations. For example, an unmarried pregnant woman has agreed to put her child up for adoption. If the birth mother <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/paternity\/legal-significance-of-paternity.html\">doesn&#8217;t know who the father of the child is<\/a>, she doesn&#8217;t need to get the father&#8217;s consent to the adoption.<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/state\/family-laws\/details-on-state-adoption-laws.html\">State law<\/a>&nbsp;governs the adoption process. So, it&#8217;s important to understand that requirements vary depending on the state. But, there are certain common guidelines about adoption without parental consent. This article discusses adoption without parental consent.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Unknown Parent<\/h2>\r\n<p>There are situations where a parent&#8217;s consent isn&#8217;t needed, such as:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>The parent&#8217;s identity is unknown<\/li>\r\n<li>The known parent refuses to identify the unknown parent; the court cannot determine the unknown parent&#8217;s identity<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>The law presumes a father to be the biological father of a child if he is married to the mother of the child at the time of the child&#8217;s birth. A man who isn&#8217;t married to the child&#8217;s mother must&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/paternity\/legal-significance-of-paternity.html\">establish paternity<\/a>. If he doesn&#8217;t establish paternity, he won&#8217;t have father&#8217;s rights, and his consent won&#8217;t be necessary for the child&#8217;s adoption.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Putative Fathers<\/h2>\r\n<p>A putative father is a man who doesn&#8217;t have a legal relationship with a child but claims to be the legal father of the child. Every state has legal actions a man can take to claim paternity or acknowledge they are the parent of the child.<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/paternity\/paternity-information-by-state.html\">Some states<\/a> have &quot;putative father registries&quot; where men can declare their intention to claim paternity. If a state doesn&#8217;t have such a registry, the birth father can file an affidavit of paternity with a family court or a state human services agency.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Unfit Parents<\/h2>\r\n<p>Most states have fitness requirements for parents. If they don&#8217;t meet expectations, they are legally viewed as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/child-custody\/what-is-an-unfit-parent-.html\">unfit parents.<\/a>&nbsp;Specific reasons vary by state, but they generally include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Abuse<\/li>\r\n<li>Neglect<\/li>\r\n<li>Drug or alcohol addiction<\/li>\r\n<li>Abandonment<\/li>\r\n<li>Incarceration<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>An unfit parent determination is enough to waive consent in many states. In addition, the parental rights of those declared unfit parents by the courts <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/parental-rights-and-liability\/terminating-parental-rights.html\">can be&nbsp;terminated<\/a>. Termination of parental rights severs the parent-child relationship.<\/p>\r\n<p>Most, but not all, of the children adopted from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/foster-care\/foster-children.html\">foster care<\/a> involve involuntary termination of parental rights. The state has custody of the child and will provide consent to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/questionnaire-questions-for-birth-parents-to-consider-before.html\">adoption plan<\/a> after the prospective adoptive parents complete adoption proceedings, including a home study conducted by a social worker.<\/p>\r\n<h2>State-Specific Examples<\/h2>\r\n<p>Some states have specific statutes regarding adoption without parental consent. For example, in California, the parental consent of a father isn&#8217;t required unless the man became a presumed father in the following ways:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Before the mother&#8217;s relinquishment of the child becomes irrevocable<\/li>\r\n<li>Before the consent becomes irrevocable<\/li>\r\n<li>Before the termination of the mother&#8217;s parental rights<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Under&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/ca\/family-code\/fam-sect-8604.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California family law<\/a>, a noncustodial parent&#8217;s consent isn&#8217;t necessary for adoption if the parent willfully fails to communicate and pay for the care, support, and education of the child when they were able to do so for at least one year.<\/p>\r\n<p>In contrast,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/dc\/division-ii-judiciary-and-judicial-procedure\/dc-code-sect-16-304.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Washington D.C. law<\/a>&nbsp;only requires six months when the parent fails to support the child.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/la\/childrens-code\/la-ch-code-tit-xii-art-1245.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Louisiana family law<\/a>&nbsp;only requires six months of noncommunication with the child.<\/p>\r\n<p>As a general rule, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/how-to-adopt.html\">legal process for adoption<\/a> without parental consent is the same as any other adoption. Once the court has entered an order finalizing the adoption, the authorities issue a birth certificate bearing the names of the adoptive parents. The adoptive family becomes the child&#8217;s new and legal family.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Stepparent Adoptions<\/h2>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/stepparent-adoption-faq-s.html\">Stepparent adoption<\/a>&nbsp;is a common type of adoption. These adoptions occur when someone adopts the child of their spouse. Typically, the other legal parent must consent to the stepchild being adopted. But, consent isn&#8217;t required if the other birth parent no longer has parental rights because of neglect, abandonment, abuse, or unfitness.<\/p>\r\n<p>There might be a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/adoption-court-faqs.html\">court hearing<\/a>. The judge will apply a \u201cbest interest of the child&quot; standard.<\/p>\r\n<h2>A Father\u2019s Parental Rights: Can a Child Be Adopted Without the Father\u2019s Consent?<\/h2>\r\n<p>An unmarried father of a child is not the legal father until they have established paternity. They do not have legal rights to make decisions about the child. This means an unmarried mother can put up her minor child for adoption <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/paternity\/parental-rights-unmarried-fathers-and-adoption.html\">without the father\u2019s consent to adoption.<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>This is true even if the unmarried mother put the unmarried father\u2019s name on the child\u2019s birth certificate.<\/p>\r\n<p>Under most state laws, an unmarried mother is the sole legal custodian of her minor child. An unmarried father must file either a voluntary acknowledgment of paternity or a paternity action to be granted legal rights as the child\u2019s father.<\/p>\r\n<p>The court must notify unwed fathers who have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/paternity\/paternity-suit-faqs.html\">established paternity<\/a> if the child is involved in adoption proceedings. If the unwed father does not consent to the adoption, they can file an objection and attend a court hearing. The unwed father must also petition for custody of the child.<\/p>\r\n<p>But, this is the not the case for married fathers. If a father is married to the birth mother at the time of the child&#8217;s birth, they are automatically presumed to be the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/paternity\/legal-definition-of-father-by-state.html\">legal father<\/a> and granted full parental rights. The father does not have to pursue any legal action to establish rights. This means both parents must consent to child&#8217;s adoption.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Can a Child Be Adopted Without the Mother\u2019s Consent?<\/h2>\r\n<p>In most states, a child cannot be adopted without the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/consent-to-adoption-what-biological-parents-need-to-know.html\">biological mother&#8217;s consent<\/a>. Exceptions include if the mother:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Abandoned the child<\/li>\r\n<li>Was deemed unfit by the court<\/li>\r\n<li>Otherwise had their parental rights legally terminated by the court<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>If a birth mother is under 18 years old, their consent for adoption is still typically required. Most states also require consent from their parent or legal guardian before making an adoption decision. Some states also require an underage birth mother to have an attorney before consenting to the adoption of their child.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Other Types of Consent<\/h2>\r\n<p>Sometimes a child has a say in the adoption. Under many state laws, a child can veto the adoption if they are of a certain age. The age needed for the adopted child&#8217;s consent varies from 10 years old to 14 years old.<\/p>\r\n<p>If an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/agency-adoptions.html\">adoption agency<\/a>, whether private or public, is handling the adoption, then the agency is the guardian and can provide consent after parental rights have been terminated.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Questions About Adoption Without Parental Consent? Get the Legal Help You Need<\/h2>\r\n<p>Adoption law is very complex and best handled by experienced professionals. The adoption process also requires extensive paperwork and several <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/checklist-documents-to-show-your-adoption-attorney.html\">specific documents<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>If you want more information about adoption without parental consent, including important legal advice and legal rights, talk to an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/adoption\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">adoption attorney<\/a>&nbsp;located near you. They can help you navigate the relevant laws for your specific adoption situation.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path 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     class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--positive at-feedback-submit fl-button secondary\"\n                    type=\"submit\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-section-sidebar\">\n        <div class=\"fl-editors-summary\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content\">\n                    <h2>Can I Solve This on My Own or Do I Need an Attorney?<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\">\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"fl-list-style-none\">\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    It is a good idea to have an attorney for complex adoptions\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    An attorney can ensure you meet all legal requirements and that your adoption is finalized appropriately\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    An attorney can help protect the best interests of adoptive children, adoptive families, and birth parents\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    For simple adoptions, you may be able to do the paperwork on your own or by using an agency\n\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n                <p>Get tailored advice at any point in the adoption process. 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             <div class=\"fl-image-card__content\">\n            <div class=\"action-card-layout\">\n                <h2 class=\"action-card-layout__heading\">\n                    Don&#8217;t Forget About Estate Planning\n                <\/h2>\n                <div class=\"action-card-layout__content fl-text-lg\">\n                    <p>Adopting a child is an ideal time to create or change your\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findlaw.com%2Fforms%2Festate-planning.html&amp;data=05%7C01%7CBrittany.Walker%40thomsonreuters.com%7C2d4e4b227c9a4fb86af008dbda212946%7C62ccb8646a1a4b5d8e1c397dec1a8258%7C0%7C0%7C638343608191626949%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=bi68%2BBAgQTWdqe0Zw10fMvZVQGWNTvAvVB4MyPzLqd8%3D&amp;reserved=0\">estate<\/a><span style=\"background-color: transparent;font-weight: normal;\"> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findlaw.com%2Fforms%2Festate-planning.html&amp;data=05%7C01%7CBrittany.Walker%40thomsonreuters.com%7C2d4e4b227c9a4fb86af008dbda212946%7C62ccb8646a1a4b5d8e1c397dec1a8258%7C0%7C0%7C638343608191626949%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=bi68%2BBAgQTWdqe0Zw10fMvZVQGWNTvAvVB4MyPzLqd8%3D&amp;reserved=0\">planning forms<\/a><span style=\"background-color: transparent;font-weight: normal;\">. Take the time to add new beneficiaries to your will and name a guardian for any minor children. Consider creating a financial power of attorney so your agent can pay bills and make sure your children are provided for. A health care directive explains your health care decisions and takes the decision-making burden off your children when they become adults.<\/span><\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/forms\/estate-planning.html\" class=\"action-card-layout__button fl-button fl-link-button secondary\">\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Start Planning<\/span>\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explore adoption without parental consent at Findlaw. Learn about state laws, putative fathers, unfit parents, and the legalities around adoption.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41135,"featured_media":0,"parent":351545,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticleWithBreadcrumbsController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_autodraft_ids":[],"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_sb_is_suggestion_mode":false,"_sb_show_suggestion_boards":false,"_sb_show_comment_boards":false,"_sb_suggestion_history":"","_sb_update_block_changes":"","_is_real_time_mode":false,"_realtime_collaborators":"","footnotes":"","cf_checklist_status":[]},"categories":[2730],"tags":[],"state_laws_tags":[],"flmsa":[],"class_list":["post-351558","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-family"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/351558","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/41135"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=351558"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/351558\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/351545"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=351558"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=351558"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=351558"},{"taxonomy":"state_laws_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/state_laws_tags?post=351558"},{"taxonomy":"flmsa","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/flmsa?post=351558"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}