{"id":352078,"date":"2023-12-02T12:56:33","date_gmt":"2023-12-02T17:56:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ability-fl-prod.internetbrands.com\/ability-law\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/hacking-laws-and-punishments.html"},"modified":"2023-12-02T12:56:33","modified_gmt":"2023-12-02T17:56:33","slug":"hacking-laws-and-punishments","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/hacking-laws-and-punishments.html","title":{"rendered":"Hacking Laws and Punishments"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Hacking Laws and Punishments<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/samuel-strom-j-d\/\">Samuel Strom, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/kit-yona-m-a\/\">Kit Yona, M.A.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            December 02, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"fl-key-takeaways fl-mb30\" data-testid=\"fl-key-takeaways\">\n    <div class=\"fl-card-content\">\n        <div class=\"fl-card-body fl-card-bg-teal fl-flex fl-flex-column\">\n                            <h2 class=\"fl-card-title fl-h2 fl-no-margin\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n                        <p>Federal and state laws define illegal hacking. Hacking becomes a crime when you access someone&#8217;s device or network without permission. Laws also set penalties to address the complexity and impact of hacking in today&#8217;s digital age.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>There are several types of computer crimes. Some of the most high-profile examples involve hacking. As&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/criminal-defense\/5-most-common-cybercrimes\/\">cybercrime<\/a>&nbsp;has become more common,&nbsp;hackers&nbsp;have affected everything from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/fandd\/2021\/03\/global-cyber-threat-to-financial-systems-maurer.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">economics<\/a>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-chertoffdonahoe-hacking-commentary\/commentary-for-election-hackers-a-new-and-more-dangerous-tool-idUSKCN1NH1W2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">politics<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>But not every act of hacking rises to the level of a crime. Because of the varying degrees of <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/hacker.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hacking<\/a> and its increasing prevalence in modern society, it&#8217;s important to understand when hacking becomes a crime.<\/p>\r\n<p>This article contains information about hacking laws and punishments. It also discusses remedies for hacking victims. For more help to protect yourself against accusations of a computer crime, talk to a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense lawyer<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h2>Definition of Computer Hacking<\/h2>\r\n<p>Hacking is broadly defined as the act of breaking into a computer system. Hacking may lead to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges.html\">criminal charges<\/a>&nbsp;when a hacker accesses someone else&#8217;s computer system without&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/consent.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">consent<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>For example, a hacker may use a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/consumer\/online-scams\/what-is-email-phishing-and-spoofing-.html\">phishing scam<\/a>&nbsp;to install&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/consumer.ftc.gov\/articles\/how-recognize-remove-avoid-malware\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">malware<\/a>&nbsp;on a computer network. They may also install computer programs, allowing them to commit&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/consumer\/online-scams\/identity-theft.html\">identity theft<\/a>&nbsp;or steal confidential information.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Federal Computer and Hacking Laws<\/h2>\r\n<p>Several federal laws address hacking. Computer hacking laws include the following:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/jm\/jm-9-48000-computer-fraud\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act<\/a>&nbsp;(CFAA) (<a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/us\/title-18-crimes-and-criminal-procedure\/18-usc-sect-1030\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">18 U.S.C. \u00a7 1030<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/uscode.house.gov\/view.xhtml?path=\/prelim@title18\/part1\/chapter121&amp;edition=prelim\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Stored Communications Act<\/a>&nbsp;(SCA)<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bja.ojp.gov\/program\/it\/privacy-civil-liberties\/authorities\/statutes\/1285\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Electronic Communications Privacy Act&nbsp;<\/a>(ECPA)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>These laws, described below, prohibit hacking into a protected computer. A&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/jlsp.law.columbia.edu\/2019\/03\/30\/is-my-toaster-a-computer-the-computer-fraud-and-abuse-acts-definition-of-protected-computer-in-the-age-of-the-internet-of-things\/#:~:text=The%20CFAA%20currently%20defines%20%E2%80%9Cprotected,covered%20only%20important%20%E2%80%9Cfederal%20interest%E2%80%9D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">protected computer<\/a>&nbsp;refers to the following:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>A government computer<\/li>\r\n<li>A financial institution&#8217;s computer<\/li>\r\n<li>Any computer used in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/interstate-commerce.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interstate commerce&nbsp;<\/a>or communications<\/li>\r\n<li>Any computer used in foreign commerce or communications<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Practically speaking, any computer connected to the internet is a protected computer.<\/p>\r\n<p>Hacking a protected computer is a federal crime. So, the federal government, through its federal&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/prosecutor.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prosecutors<\/a>, may bring charges against hackers. Depending on the computer hacking charges, it may result in a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/felony.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">felony<\/a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/misdemeanor.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">misdemeanor<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Ethical Hacking<\/h2>\r\n<p>Hacking is not always a crime. In&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/technologist\/certified-ethical-hacker-program-accidentally-spreads-malware\/\">ethical hacking<\/a>, a hacker is legally permitted to exploit security networks. In other words, the hacker has the appropriate consent or authorization to hack into a system. With such approval, a hacker may legally penetrate a business&#8217; firewall to access private servers and cloud storage systems.<\/p>\r\n<p>They may have such permission from a law enforcement agency or a court&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/order.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">order<\/a>. The government can charge a hacker if they lack consent or any lawful authorization to enter another&#8217;s computer system.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Computer Fraud and Abuse Act<\/h2>\r\n<p>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/us\/title-18-crimes-and-criminal-procedure\/18-usc-sect-1030.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act<\/a>&nbsp;(CFAA) is the leading federal anti-hacking legislation. It prohibits unauthorized computer access.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Criminal Penalties Under the CFAA<\/h2>\r\n<p>The chart below provides select examples of violations of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nacdl.org\/Landing\/ComputerFraudandAbuseAct\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CFAA and its penalties<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><p>Offense<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<td><p><b>Penalties (Prison Sentence)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><p>Obtaining National Security Information<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<td><p>First conviction: Up to 10 years<\/p>\r\n<p>Second conviction: Up to 20 years<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><p>Accessing a Computer to Defraud and Obtain Value<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<td><p>First conviction: Up to five years<\/p>\r\n<p>Second conviction: Up to 10 years<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><p>Accessing a Computer and Obtaining Information<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<td><p>First conviction: Up to one year<\/p>\r\n<p>Second conviction: Up to 10 years<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><p>Intentionally Damaging by Knowing Transmission<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<td><p>First conviction: Up to 10 years<\/p>\r\n<p>Second conviction: Up to 20 years<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/extortion.html\">Extortion<\/a>&nbsp;Involving Computers<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<td><p>First conviction: Up to five years<\/p>\r\n<p>Second conviction: Up to 10 years<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><p>Trafficking in Passwords<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<td><p>First conviction: Up to one year<\/p>\r\n<p>Second conviction: Up to 10 years<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\r\n<h2>Civil Violations Under the CFAA<\/h2>\r\n<p>The CFAA&#8217;s penalties are mostly punishments for&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal.html\">criminal violations<\/a>. The 1994 amendment, however, expanded the Act. It now includes causes of action for&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/civil-case.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">civil suits<\/a>&nbsp;and criminal prosecutions.<\/p>\r\n<p>Civil violations include the following:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Obtaining information from a computer through unauthorized access<\/li>\r\n<li>Trafficking a computer password that one can use to access a computer<\/li>\r\n<li>Transmitting spam<\/li>\r\n<li>Damaging computer data<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Civil cases do not result in prison time. Instead, examples of civil remedies include the following:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/injunction.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Injunctive<\/a>&nbsp;relief<\/li>\r\n<li>Seizure of property<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/impound.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Impounding<\/a>&nbsp;stolen information and the electronic devices used to carry out the invasion<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Read FindLaw&#8217;s article,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-law-basics\/the-differences-between-a-criminal-case-and-a-civil-case.html\">The Differences Between a Criminal and Civil Case<\/a>, for more information about remedies.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Other Federal Hacking Laws<\/h2>\r\n<p>The CFAA is not the only federal law protecting your digital information. This section describes other important federal laws regarding hacking and digital privacy.<\/p>\r\n<h3>The Electronic Communications Privacy Act<\/h3>\r\n<p>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bja.ojp.gov\/program\/it\/privacy-civil-liberties\/authorities\/statutes\/1285\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ECPA<\/a>&nbsp;forbids intentional interception of electronic communications in transit. It primarily acts as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/uscode.house.gov\/view.xhtml?req=%28title:18%20section:2511%29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a restriction on wiretaps<\/a>&nbsp;and the interception of signals. This type of data is also known as &quot;data-in-transit.&quot; It refers to data while it is in transit to its destination.<\/p>\r\n<p>Examples of data in motion include the following:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Emails<\/li>\r\n<li>Text messages<\/li>\r\n<li>Phone calls<\/li>\r\n<li>Data while it&#8217;s being uploaded from a cell phone to cloud storage<\/li>\r\n<li>Data transfers between a hard drive and a computer<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>The ECPA has three titles:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><b>Title I <\/b>prohibits&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/wiretap.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wiretaps<\/a>&nbsp;(with some exceptions). It also prohibits the government from introducing&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-and-the-exclusionary-rule.html\">illegally obtained communications<\/a>&nbsp;as evidence in a criminal case.<\/li>\r\n<li><b>Title II<\/b> is known as the Stored Communications Act, described below.<\/li>\r\n<li><b>Title III <\/b>requires the government to obtain authorization to install certain surveillance technology, such as trap and trace devices and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/pen-register.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pen registers<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>For more information about government surveillance, read&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/do-the-police-have-the-right-to-tap-my-telephone.html\">FindLaw&#8217;s article on wiretapping<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<h3>The Stored Communications Act<\/h3>\r\n<p>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/LSB\/LSB10801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SCA<\/a>&nbsp;protects stored electronic communications and data or &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitalguardian.com\/blog\/data-protection-data-in-transit-vs-data-at-rest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data-at-rest<\/a>.&quot;<\/p>\r\n<p>The SCA has roots in the Fourth Amendment to the&nbsp;U.S. Constitution. The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/u-s-constitution-fourth-amendment.html\">Fourth Amendment<\/a>&nbsp;protects people from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-and-seizure-and-the-fourth-amendment.html\">unreasonable governmental searches and seizures<\/a>. If someone has a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/what-is-the-reasonable-expectation-of-privacy-.html\">reasonable expectation of privacy<\/a>&nbsp;in their property, the government typically must obtain a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-warrant-requirements.html\">warrant<\/a>&nbsp;to search it.<\/p>\r\n<p>One exception to the Fourth Amendment is the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/repository.law.umich.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?params=\/context\/mlr\/article\/1348\/&amp;path_info=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">third-party doctrine<\/a>. Under this doctrine, if someone shares private information with a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/party.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">third party<\/a>, Fourth Amendment protection ends. So, the government typically does not need a search warrant.<\/p>\r\n<p>Congress passed the SCA in response to advancing technology that the Fourth Amendment did not foresee. For example, suppose you send someone a text message. Generally, a service provider stores the text message in a database. This service provider is a third party; the text is shared with them even though they didn&#8217;t send or receive it. So, per the third-party doctrine, you don&#8217;t have a reasonable expectation in the message.<\/p>\r\n<p>The SCA applies to service providers that store data and electronic information. It relates to both government and private access to such information. It also generally prevents service providers from releasing such information.<\/p>\r\n<p>The SCA provides criminal penalties for anyone who commits the following acts:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Intentionally accesses a facility that provides services for electronic communications without authorization; or<\/li>\r\n<li>Intentionally exceeds a level of authorization to access such a facility and obtains or alters data or prevents another&#8217;s authorized access to such data or communications<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>Examples of &quot;data-at-rest&quot; include the following:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Emails stored in a database<\/li>\r\n<li>Text messages stored in a database<\/li>\r\n<li>Instant messages stored in a database<\/li>\r\n<li>Data in cloud storage<\/li>\r\n<li>Data on a hard drive<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>This statute criminalizes the following acts, among others:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Unauthorized access to stored company emails by employees who exceed the scope of their privilege<\/li>\r\n<li>The use of stolen passwords to access stored data<\/li>\r\n<li>Similar breaches of stored data<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>There is some overlap between the SCA and the CFAA. So, the government may sometimes charge hackers under both statutes.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Hacking Laws: State Laws<\/h2>\r\n<p>Although much focus is on federal laws, states have also enacted hacking laws.<\/p>\r\n<p>While&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/state\/criminal-laws\/details-on-state-computer-crime-laws.html\">every state has computer crime laws<\/a>, some states address hacking more specifically. States do so with laws prohibiting unauthorized access, computer trespass, and the use of viruses and malware.<\/p>\r\n<p>For example, approximately half of the states in the country have laws that target the use of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/fl\/title-xlvi-crimes\/fl-st-sect-815-06.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">denial of service (DoS) attacks<\/a>. In this form of hacking, an intruder floods the system or servers with traffic, denying access to legitimate users.<\/p>\r\n<p>Ransomware is a type of malware secretly installed on a victim&#8217;s computer. It denies the victim access to their computer unless they pay a ransom. Several states, including&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/ca\/penal-code\/pen-sect-523.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California<\/a>, have laws that specifically criminalize ransomware.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Contact a Criminal Defense Lawyer<\/h2>\r\n<p>Laws at both the federal and state levels provide protections concerning hacking crimes. Contact a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense attorney<\/a>&nbsp;if the government has charged you with a hacking offense. An experienced criminal lawyer can provide you with information about the following:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Your&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/state.html\">state&#8217;s laws<\/a>&nbsp;regarding hacking crimes<\/li>\r\n<li>Crimes related to hacking, such as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/fraud.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wire fraud<\/a>, credit card fraud, and related crimes<\/li>\r\n<li>General information about&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal.html\">criminal law<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/criminal-sentencing.html\">sentencing guidelines<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li>Specific legal strategies regarding pending hacking cases<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Contact a skilled criminal defense attorney today for help.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M6 21H3C2.46957 21 1.96086 20.7893 1.58579 20.4142C1.21071 20.0391 1 19.5304 1 19V12C1 11.4696 1.21071 10.9609 1.58579 10.5858C1.96086 10.2107 2.46957 10 3 10H6M13 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2.49846 13.8248C2.76297 13.9435 3.05012 14.0033 3.34003 14H9.00003Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3423\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/div>\n    <span class=\"was-this-helpful__taken-action fl-text-sm-bold\"><\/span>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-container\">\n        <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n            <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <form class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form\">\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--positive\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Easy to understand\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                        >Easy to understand<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Solved my problem\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                        >Solved my problem<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--negative\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this not helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n                        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Missing Information\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        >Too complicated \/ too many steps<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Out of date\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                        >Out of date<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--positive at-feedback-submit fl-button secondary\"\n                    type=\"submit\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-section-sidebar\">\n        <div class=\"fl-editors-summary\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content\">\n                    <h2>Can I Solve This on My Own or Do I Need an Attorney?<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\">\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"fl-list-style-none\">\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Complex criminal defense situations usually require a lawyer\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Defense attorneys can help protect your rights\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    A lawyer can seek to reduce or eliminate criminal penalties\n\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n                <p>Get tailored advice and ask your legal questions. Many attorneys offer free consultations.<\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link fl-flex\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link\">\n                <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <p class=\"find-attorney\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/#USER_GEO\/?fli=esum\" title=\"Criminal Defense Lawyer Directory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">If you need an attorney, find one right now.<\/a><\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"email-subscription fl-mb30\">\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-header\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-content\">\n            <h3 class=\"fl-callout-sm fl-no-margin\">Stay Up-to-Date With How the Law Affects Your Life<\/h3>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-image fl-flex fl-items-end\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\"\n          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rel=\"noopener\">Learn more about FindLaw\u2019s newsletters<\/a>, including our terms of use and privacy policy.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"general-list\">\n    <h3>Helpful Links<\/h3>\n    <ul class=\"fl-list fl-no-margin\">\n                                    <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/computer-crime.html\">\n                        Computer Crime\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/cyber-crimes.html\">\n                        Cyber Crimes\n         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aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/state\/criminal-laws\/computer-crimes.html\">\n                        State Computer Crime Laws\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure.html\">\n                        Criminal Procedure\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights.html\">\n                        Rights for Suspects\n              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    <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>FindLaw&#8217;s Criminal Law section summarizes computer hacking and outlines federal and state laws criminalizing it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41135,"featured_media":0,"parent":351991,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticleWithBreadcrumbsController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_autodraft_ids":[],"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_sb_is_suggestion_mode":false,"_sb_show_suggestion_boards":false,"_sb_show_comment_boards":false,"_sb_suggestion_history":"","_sb_update_block_changes":"","_is_real_time_mode":false,"_realtime_collaborators":"","footnotes":"","cf_checklist_status":[]},"categories":[2729],"tags":[],"state_laws_tags":[],"flmsa":[],"class_list":["post-352078","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-criminal"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352078","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/41135"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=352078"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352078\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":400509,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352078\/revisions\/400509"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/351991"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=352078"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=352078"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=352078"},{"taxonomy":"state_laws_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/state_laws_tags?post=352078"},{"taxonomy":"flmsa","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/flmsa?post=352078"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}