{"id":352143,"date":"2024-01-31T15:50:31","date_gmt":"2024-01-31T20:50:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/second-degree-murder-penalties-and-sentencing.html"},"modified":"2024-01-31T15:50:31","modified_gmt":"2024-01-31T20:50:31","slug":"second-degree-murder-penalties-and-sentencing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/second-degree-murder-penalties-and-sentencing.html","title":{"rendered":"Second-Degree Murder Penalties and Sentencing"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Second-Degree Murder Penalties and Sentencing<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/samuel-strom-j-d\/\">Samuel Strom, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/rhonda-earhart-esq\/\">Rhonda Earhart, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            January 31, 2024\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-key-takeaways fl-mb30\" data-testid=\"fl-key-takeaways\">\n    <div class=\"fl-card-content\">\n        <div class=\"fl-card-body fl-card-bg-teal fl-flex fl-flex-column\">\n                            <h2 class=\"fl-card-title fl-h2 fl-no-margin\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n                        <p>Second-degree murder statutes generally contain a discussion of the appropriate punishments. Usually, this takes the form of a general time period, such as 25 years to life. But, the laws often don&#8217;t contain specific information about the sentences. In those states, courts may have wide latitude to determine penalties.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>After a judge or jury finds a defendant guilty of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/second-degree-murder-overview.html\">second-degree murder<\/a>, the case moves on to the sentencing phase. During this phase, the defendant will learn what penalties the state or federal government will impose for their crime.<\/p>\n<p>Several factors determine the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/sentencing-overview.html\">sentence<\/a>\u00a0a person may get, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The law&#8217;s language<\/li>\n<li>Any aggravating or mitigating factors<\/li>\n<li>Applicable\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/mandatory-sentences-uniformity-and-consistency.html\">mandatory minimum sentencing<\/a>\u00a0guidelines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This article discusses how courts determine the sentence following a second-degree murder conviction. It explains:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Second-degree murder and the degrees of murder<\/li>\n<li>How federal and state law may set specific sentences<\/li>\n<li>How special circumstances may allow the court to deviate from the laws<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you or a loved one is facing any type of homicide charge, it&#8217;s crucial to have expert legal help. Contact a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense lawyer<\/a>\u00a0near you\u00a0to understand your charges and next steps.<\/p>\n<h2>Degrees of Murder Explained<\/h2>\n<p>Most states separate murders and violent crimes into degrees. The exact definitions of murder may vary between the states. Generally, the degrees of murder are as follows:<\/p>\n<h3>First-Degree Murder<\/h3>\n<p>This typically involves the premeditated killing of another person. This means the murderer typically planned the murder for some time before carrying it out. First-degree murder charges may also apply if someone kills another person during a felony. This type of murder is\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/felony-murder.html\">felony murder<\/a>. First-degree murder is a serious crime and may lead to life imprisonment or the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/death-penalty.html\">death penalty<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Second-Degree Murder<\/h3>\n<p>This generally occurs when one person kills another without premeditation. They usually must have a general intent to cause harm to another. This mental state is &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/malice.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">malice aforethought<\/a>.&#8221; It also covers murders resulting from someone&#8217;s actions that were recklessly indifferent to human life. Causing serious bodily harm to someone that results in their death may count as well.<\/p>\n<h3>Third-Degree Murder<\/h3>\n<p>Only three states (Florida, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania) have third-degree murder laws. The states&#8217; definitions of third-degree murder differ. Generally, it encompasses any murder that first- and second-degree murder doesn&#8217;t cover.<\/p>\n<p>A killing without malice is\u00a0manslaughter. States generally split manslaughter into voluntary and involuntary manslaughter. For more information about these topics, see the following articles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/homicide.html\">Homicide Overview<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/first-degree-murder-overview.html\">First-Degree Murder Overview<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/second-degree-murder-overview.html#\">Second-Degree Murder Overview<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/third-degree-murder-overview.html\">Third-Degree Murder Overview<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/voluntary-manslaughter-overview.html\">Voluntary Manslaughter Overview<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/involuntary-manslaughter-overview.html\">Involuntary Manslaughter Overview<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The following section describes second-degree murder in further detail.<\/p>\n<h2>What Is Second-Degree Murder?<\/h2>\n<p>Generally, second-degree murder is the unpremeditated intentional killing of another. It&#8217;s a lesser charge than\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/first-degree-murder-penalties-and-sentencing.html\">first-degree murder<\/a>. It&#8217;s more severe than voluntary manslaughter or involuntary\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/criminal-defense\/what-is-manslaughter\/\">manslaughter<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The difference between first- and second-degree murder is the murderer&#8217;s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-law-basics\/mens-rea-a-defendant-s-mental-state.html\">mental state<\/a>\u00a0before the killing. If someone thinks about or plans to kill someone (premeditation) before doing so, the government may bring first-degree murder charges. If the murderer did not plan the murder, second-degree murder charges are appropriate.<\/p>\n<p>For example, suppose Anna gets into an argument with her neighbor, Alex. For the next week, Anna plans to kill Alex. She buys a gun, digs a grave in the woods, and stalks Alex to learn his routines. She then shoots and kills Alex and buries his body.<\/p>\n<p>The government could file first-degree murder charges against her. This is because she intended to cause the death of another person, and she planned it for months. She may face a lifetime prison sentence without the possibility of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/parole.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">parole<\/a>. In some states, she may face the death penalty.<\/p>\n<p>Suppose instead that Alex invites Anna over for dinner. They get into an argument over Alex&#8217;s cooking. Anna, intending to cause serious bodily harm to Bill, throws a knife at him. She did not intend to kill him. Unfortunately, the blade cuts Alex deeply, and he dies.<\/p>\n<p>Although she did not intend to kill Alex, the government could charge Anna with second-degree murder. Her intention to cause serious bodily injury is enough to charge her with second-degree murder. It also showed a reckless indifference to human life.<\/p>\n<h2>Second-Degree Murder Sentencing Procedure<\/h2>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/factors-considered-in-determining-sentences.html\">sentencing procedure<\/a> for a second-degree murder will depend on where the trial occurs. After a conviction, the court will hold a sentencing hearing. There, the court examines the nature of the offense and weighs any aggravating or mitigating factors. After deliberation, the court will hand down the defendant&#8217;s sentence.<\/p>\n<h3>The Letter of the Law<\/h3>\n<p>For example, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/us\/title-18-crimes-and-criminal-procedure\/18-usc-sect-1111.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal second-degree murder statute<\/a>\u00a0states that anyone guilty of murder in the second degree &#8220;shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life.&#8221; This vague sentencing declaration compels federal judges to use the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ussc.gov\/guidelines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal sentencing guidelines<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Other jurisdictions&#8217; statutes set specific punishments for certain situations. For instance,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/codes.lp.findlaw.com\/cacode\/PEN\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California&#8217;s Penal Code<\/a>\u00a0sets out specific minimum punishments for second-degree murder. California law requires different minimum punishments for the second-degree murder of a peace officer or when shooting a firearm from a motor vehicle.<\/p>\n<h3>Aggravating and Mitigating Factors<\/h3>\n<p>Special circumstances known as aggravating and mitigating factors may affect second-degree murder penalties.<\/p>\n<p>Aggravating factors increase the severity of the imposed sentence. Aggravating factors may include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The defendant&#8217;s criminal history and prior convictions<\/li>\n<li>Whether the defendant is remorseful for their actions<\/li>\n<li>The heinousness of the crime<\/li>\n<li>Other circumstances, such as using a deadly weapon<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Mitigating factors decrease the imposed sentence&#8217;s severity. Mitigating factors may include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Whether the defendant is remorseful for their actions<\/li>\n<li>Whether the defendant accepts responsibility for their actions<\/li>\n<li>Whether the defendant suffers from a mental or physical illness or disability<\/li>\n<li>The defendant&#8217;s lack of a criminal record<\/li>\n<li>Whether the defendant indicates a desire and ability to reform<\/li>\n<li>Past good deeds<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These factors vary by jurisdiction. Most jurisdictions will examine a few basic factors when deciding punishments.<\/p>\n<h3>Mandatory Sentencing<\/h3>\n<p>Sometimes, mandatory sentencing guidelines take sentencing discretion away from judges. Congress has established mandatory minimum sentences for some crimes. If a mandatory minimum sentence guideline applies to a convicted person, the judge must sentence them accordingly.<\/p>\n<p>For example, some sentencing guidelines may require a judge to sentence someone to life in a federal or state prison. Following a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/death-penalty-laws-by-state.html\">capital murder offense<\/a>, the guidelines may require either life imprisonment or the death penalty.<\/p>\n<p>The federal guidelines allow an upward departure if a second-degree murder was particularly cruel or heinous. Your state may also have\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/mandatory-sentences-uniformity-and-consistency.html\">mandatory sentencing<\/a>\u00a0guidelines that apply. Consider contacting a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense attorney<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Get Legal Help With Your Second-Degree Murder Case<\/h2>\n<p>Second-degree murder charges carry the potential for\u00a0significant prison sentences.\u00a0<span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px\">If the government has charged you with murder, contact a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\">criminal defense attorney<\/a>\u00a0near you.<\/span>\u00a0An experienced attorney can give you helpful legal advice, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Targeted information about\u00a0criminal law,\u00a0sentencing, and defense strategies for your case<\/li>\n<li>Expert guidance on your case, such as mitigating factors and\u00a0possible defenses<\/li>\n<li>Information about\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/plea-bargains-overview.html\">plea bargaining and guilty pleas<\/a>,\u00a0and the best way to safeguard your future<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Contact a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense lawyer<\/a>\u00a0today to understand your criminal charges and start planning your defense.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" 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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>FindLaw&#8217;s Criminal Law section explains second-degree murder and the factors judges consider when sentencing someone convicted of second-degree murder.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41135,"featured_media":0,"parent":351991,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticleWithBreadcrumbsController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_autodraft_ids":[],"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_sb_is_suggestion_mode":false,"_sb_show_suggestion_boards":false,"_sb_show_comment_boards":false,"_sb_suggestion_history":"","_sb_update_block_changes":"","_is_real_time_mode":false,"_realtime_collaborators":"","footnotes":"","cf_checklist_status":[]},"categories":[2729],"tags":[],"state_laws_tags":[],"flmsa":[],"class_list":["post-352143","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-criminal"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352143","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/41135"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=352143"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352143\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":400622,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352143\/revisions\/400622"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/351991"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=352143"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=352143"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=352143"},{"taxonomy":"state_laws_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/state_laws_tags?post=352143"},{"taxonomy":"flmsa","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/flmsa?post=352143"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}