{"id":352144,"date":"2023-11-28T14:22:22","date_gmt":"2023-11-28T19:22:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/securities-fraud.html"},"modified":"2023-11-28T14:22:22","modified_gmt":"2023-11-28T19:22:22","slug":"securities-fraud","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/securities-fraud.html","title":{"rendered":"Securities Fraud"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Securities Fraud<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/samuel-strom-j-d\/\">Samuel Strom, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/rhonda-earhart-esq\/\">Rhonda Earhart, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            November 28, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>Generally, securities&nbsp;fraud&nbsp;occurs when someone makes a false statement about a company or the value of its&nbsp;stock, and others make financial decisions based on the false information. In cases of&nbsp;insider&nbsp;trading, insiders (i.e., executives, board members, etc.) buy or sell stocks based on information that isn&#8217;t available to the public.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Although the crime isn&#8217;t complicated, it requires understanding\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/consumer\/securities-law\/securities-vs-commodities.html\">securities regulation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Below, you&#8217;ll find information on common types of securities <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/fraud.html\">fraud<\/a> and how to protect your assets. But if you&#8217;re accused of committing insider trading or financial fraud, you may want to speak with a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/white-collar-crimes\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defense attorney<\/a> promptly.<\/p>\n<h2>What Are Securities?<\/h2>\n<p>Securities are\u00a0negotiable financial instruments that have a financial value.\u00a0People use\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/consumer\/securities-law.html\">securities<\/a>\u00a0to raise money in both private and public markets. Examples of securities include\u00a0stocks,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/note.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bank notes<\/a>, and\u00a0investment contracts.<\/p>\n<p>While there are many types of securities, they generally fall into three categories:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/equity.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Equity<\/b><\/a>:\u00a0This provides ownership interests to the security&#8217;s owner<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/debt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Debt<\/b><\/a>:\u00a0These are typically loans that the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/debtor.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">debtor<\/a>\u00a0pays back to a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/creditor.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">creditor<\/a>\u00a0over time<\/li>\n<li><b>Hybrids<\/b>:\u00a0These securities combine aspects of equity and debt<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Federal Securities Fraud Explained<\/h2>\n<p>The prohibition against securities fraud is codified at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/us\/title-18-crimes-and-criminal-procedure\/18-usc-sect-1348\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">18 U.S.C. Section 1348<\/a>. In general, it prohibits knowingly\u00a0defrauding\u00a0someone concerning the sale of securities. It also references\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/consumer\/securities-law\/securities-and-exchange-act-of-1934.html\">the Securities Exchange Act of 1934<\/a>, one of several federal laws that impose criminal penalties in security fraud cases. Another applicable federal law is the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/consumer\/securities-law\/securities-act-of-1933.html\">Securities Act of 1933<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The federal government enacted these laws during\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalreservehistory.org\/essays\/great-depression\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Great Depression<\/a>. These Acts require entities engaging in the sale of securities to provide certain information to buyers. For example, an issuer must provide information about the company, the securities offered, and certain financial information.<\/p>\n<h3>The Securities and Exchange Commission<\/h3>\n<p>The Securities and Exchange Commission (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SEC<\/a>) regulates securities transactions and enforces securities laws. Its stated goals are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protect investors<\/li>\n<li>Maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets<\/li>\n<li>Facilitate capital formation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the SEC finds that a company violated securities law, it may transfer the securities fraud case to the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Justice<\/a>\u00a0(DOJ). The DOJ may then bring securities fraud charges against the company.<\/p>\n<p>Examples of fraud offenses include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Accounting\u00a0fraud<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/commodity.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Commodities<\/a>\u00a0fraud<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/embezzlement.html\">Embezzlement<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/corporate.findlaw.com\/business-operations\/protecting-yourself-against-investment-fraud.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Investment fraud<\/a>\u00a0schemes<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/ponzi-schemes.html\">Ponzi schemes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These types of fraud are relatively common federal crimes. High-profile cases such as the\u00a0Bernie Madoff\u00a0criminal case made national headlines. Madoff was convicted of running a Ponzi scheme totaling approximately $65 billion. His scheme earned him a 150-year prison sentence in federal prison.<\/p>\n<h2>Securities Fraud by the Company Itself<\/h2>\n<p>A\u00a0corporate officer\u00a0or\u00a0director\u00a0commits securities fraud if they make inaccurate disclosures about the company&#8217;s financial information to its\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/shareholder.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shareholders<\/a>. It may also occur if they\u00a0misrepresent\u00a0a\u00a0material fact\u00a0about the company&#8217;s finances.<\/p>\n<p>Inaccuracies can artificially raise the company&#8217;s stock&#8217;s worth. It also may encourage investors to buy an unhealthy company&#8217;s shares. If the company subsequently goes\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/bankruptcy.html\">bankrupt<\/a>, the people who bought shares based on false information lose their investment entirely. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 imposes liability regardless of intentional or accidental inaccuracy.<\/p>\n<p>One famous example of this type of securities fraud was\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/updates\/enron-scandal-summary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Enron scandal<\/a>. Corporate officers failed to report the company&#8217;s expenses and hid losses through creative accounting. This caused profits to appear larger than they were in reality. Numerous Enron executives were charged with insider trading, securities fraud, and other fraud crimes.<\/p>\n<h2>Insider Trading<\/h2>\n<p>Insider trading is\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/business-finances\/do-s-and-don-ts-insider-trading.html\">another type of securities fraud<\/a>. It occurs when someone has confidential information about a company&#8217;s financial state. They then use that inside information to decide whether to buy or sell the stock before the public can access it.<\/p>\n<p>For example, suppose a corporate accountant notices the company is losing money and headed toward bankruptcy. If the accountant places an order to sell his stock before notifying the company&#8217;s\u00a0board of directors, they are arguably guilty of insider trading.<\/p>\n<h2>Third Party Misrepresentation<\/h2>\n<p>Another type of securities fraud occurs when a third party\u00a0gives false information about the stock market or a particular company or industry.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.findlaw.com\/blog\/what-is-a-cryptocurrency-pump-and-dump-scheme\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pump-and-dump<\/a>\u00a0schemes are a prevalent type of third-party misrepresentation. In a pump-and-dump scheme, a person will find a small, unknown company with cheap stock and buy many of its shares. The perpetrator then sends out\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/business-laws-and-regulations\/fraudulent-misrepresentation.ht\">false information<\/a>\u00a0about the company. They hope this will encourage others to buy the stock and drive up its price. Once the stock price is high enough, the perpetrator sells their shares for a profit.<\/p>\n<h2>Protect Yourself From Securities Fraud and Accusations<\/h2>\n<p>Federal and state governments do their best to combat securities fraud, but it&#8217;s still a good idea to take steps to protect your\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/assets.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">assets<\/a>. With all the information about financial markets and the vast number of players in the stock market, it&#8217;s often hard to separate truth from fiction.<\/p>\n<p>There are, however, some things you can do to help. Learn some of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/consumer\/securities-law\/proving-securities-fraud.html\">warning signs<\/a>\u00a0of securities fraud so you can catch it early and minimize the damage.<\/p>\n<p>If you own stock, ensure you get your information directly from the company. Also, consider double-checking that information against the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/edgar\/search-and-access\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SEC&#8217;s database<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Charged With Securities Fraud? Contact an Attorney<\/h2>\n<p>If you&#8217;re facing criminal charges for securities fraud, there may be a chance\u00a0for you to mount a strong defense against the charges. However, the key to success is having a strong criminal defense attorney experienced in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/white-collar-crime.html\">white-collar crimes<\/a>\u00a0such as insider trading or other forms of securities fraud in your corner. Contact an experienced\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/white-collar-crimes\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense\u00a0attorney<\/a>\u00a0to discuss your case and learn about your options.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" 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