{"id":352152,"date":"2023-12-07T15:25:56","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T20:25:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/sexual-assault-penalties-and-sentencing.html"},"modified":"2023-12-07T15:25:56","modified_gmt":"2023-12-07T20:25:56","slug":"sexual-assault-penalties-and-sentencing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/sexual-assault-penalties-and-sentencing.html","title":{"rendered":"Sexual Assault Sentencing and Penalties"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Sexual Assault Sentencing and Penalties <\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/john-mascolo-esq\/\">John Mascolo, Esq.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/john-mascolo-esq\/\">John Mascolo, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            December 07, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-key-takeaways fl-mb30\" data-testid=\"fl-key-takeaways\">\n    <div class=\"fl-card-content\">\n        <div class=\"fl-card-body fl-card-bg-teal fl-flex fl-flex-column\">\n                            <h2 class=\"fl-card-title fl-h2 fl-no-margin\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n                        <p>Just as every state has its own law concerning sexual assault, every state takes a different approach to sentencing those convicted of sexual assault. The federal courts also have their own set of sentencing rules.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>What happens after a judge or jury finds someone guilty of sexual assault? As with every criminal offense, the case will <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/criminal-sentencing.html\">proceed to sentencing<\/a>. Judges will look at several factors to determine an appropriate sentence. Criminal statutes will usually set a range of punishments for sex offenses. This may include a minimum and maximum prison term, fines, and other penalties.<\/p>\n<p>Judges also examine aggravating and mitigating factors when deciding the sentence for a sexual offense. Aggravating factors are those factors such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A defendant&#8217;s criminal history<\/li>\n<li>Lack of remorse<\/li>\n<li>Use of violence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Such factors may demand a harsher punishment. Mitigating factors, on the other hand, are circumstances that tend to support a more lenient sentence.<\/p>\n<p>This article provides an overview of the various\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/factors-considered-in-determining-sentences.html\">factors that determine sentencing<\/a>\u00a0for\u00a0sexual assault convictions.<\/p>\n<p>You can also talk to a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense attorney<\/a> near you for legal advice. If you are facing criminal charges for a sex crime, it is critical to get legal help from an experienced attorney. A sexual assault conviction will have lasting consequences beyond the criminal penalties. It can permanently damage your reputation and make it difficult to find employment and housing.<\/p>\n<h2>State Laws on Sexual Assault Sentencing and Penalties<\/h2>\n<p>States use differing\u00a0terminology for sex crimes. Depending on state law, sexual assault charges may include crimes of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/rape.html\">rape<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/statutory-rape.html\">statutory rape<\/a>, or sexual battery. The most serious criminal cases involve nonconsensual sexual activity brought on by force or threat. This may include the nonconsensual sexual intercourse associated with rape. It may also include other nonconsensual sexual conduct such as oral sex, anal sex, or sexual penetration by an object.<\/p>\n<p>Sexual assault crimes that may be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-law-basics\/implications-of-a-crime-s-classification.html\">lesser felonies<\/a> include those where the perpetrator has unwanted or offensive sexual contact with the victim. In a sexual contact crime, there is no requirement of\u00a0penetration. The focus is on the intentional touching of another&#8217;s private parts for sexual gratification or to abuse or humiliate the victim.<\/p>\n<h3>Lack of Consent<\/h3>\n<p>In most states, sexual assault statutes provide that\u00a0to prove the crime, the state must show the lack of consent for the sexual act at issue. The state may do this through testimony of the alleged victim, physical circumstances surrounding the crime, or by showing the incapacity of the alleged victim to consent. Today, most statutes provide that the following circumstances imply that there is no consent:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The offender used force or threat of force to commit the offense.<\/li>\n<li>The victim is a minor under the state&#8217;s age of consent. Juveniles cannot provide valid consent.<\/li>\n<li>The victim was asleep, unconscious, or drugged by the offender.<\/li>\n<li>The offender, through fraud, caused the victim to believe they were someone else.<\/li>\n<li>The victim is mentally disabled or incapacitated.<\/li>\n<li>The victim is in the custody of a correctional institution or health care facility and the perpetrator is someone responsible for their care.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/legal-system\/federal-vs-state-courts-key-differences.html\">State courts<\/a> will weigh aggravating factors and mitigating factors to reach a fair sentence. Aggravating factors may include the offender&#8217;s use of a deadly weapon or that the victim suffered bodily harm. Mitigation may follow a guilty plea and a statement of remorse.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>An offender&#8217;s criminal record may serve as an aggravating or mitigating factor in a given case. If the offender has no prior felony conviction or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/sexual-assault-overview\">sex offense<\/a>, this may serve as mitigation in sentencing. If the offender has prior offenses of a similar nature, the court may use such an aggravating factor to impose more time.<\/p>\n<p>In cases where the State and the defense reach a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/plea-bargain.html\">plea bargain agreement<\/a>, they must present the proposal to the court prior to any sentencing. The court can reject the agreement or accept it. Plea bargains often include the agreed sentence for the offender.<\/p>\n<p>Many states now require the completion of sex offender-specific counseling and therapy as a part of any probation or parole process. Sexual assault convictions will likely also bring\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/the-sex-offender-registration-and-notification-act-.html\">sex offender registration<\/a>\u00a0requirements. If an offender does not file their name, address, and other information with the sex offender registry, they may face a new felony charge.<\/p>\n<p>To learn more about specific sentencing and penalties for sexual assault, consult the laws of the jurisdiction where the conviction took place. Below, we examine sexual assault statutes in California and New York as examples.<\/p>\n<p>Check out FindLaw&#8217;s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/state\/criminal-laws\/sexual-assault.html\">State Sexual Assault Laws<\/a>\u00a0guide and FindLaw&#8217;s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/state\/criminal-laws\/rape.html\">State Rape Laws<\/a>\u00a0guide for more information.<\/p>\n<p>You can also talk to a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defense attorney<\/a> in your state.<\/p>\n<h3>Sexual Assault in California<\/h3>\n<p>In\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/state\/california-law\/california-sexual-assault-laws.html\">California<\/a>, a sexual assault conviction carries with it a range of possible sentences depending on which specific crime is at issue and other factors. The crime of aggravated sexual assault of a child can carry a sentence of 15 years to life.<\/p>\n<p>California&#8217;s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/state\/california-law\/california-rape-laws.html\">rape statute<\/a>\u00a0carries prison sentences of three, six, or eight years. The potential prison sentence will increase if\u00a0the victim is under 14 years of age, or if\u00a0there was a use of force. This type of sentencing is known as\u00a0determinate\u00a0since it results in a specific term of years in prison.<\/p>\n<p>Fines in California will also vary. They may go as high as $25,000 for offenses with a child victim. As mentioned above, a judge will examine the facts of the case, including aggravating and mitigating factors, in order to settle on the specific sentence.<\/p>\n<h3>New York<\/h3>\n<p>In\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/state\/new-york-law\/new-york-sexual-assault-laws.html\">New York<\/a>, sexual assault describes a broad range of criminal conduct. The lowest degree of sexual misconduct is a class B misdemeanor. The most\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/state\/new-york-law\/new-york-rape-laws.html\">severe laws<\/a>\u00a0against rape and aggravated sexual abuse are class B felonies. The judge has the discretion to set the sentence, but the law binds the judge to impose a sentence within a certain range depending on the precise charge.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, the sentence for any felony is an\u00a0indeterminate\u00a0one, which means that the judge does not set an exact term. Instead, the judge picks a range of years between the absolute minimum and the absolute maximum set by law. The defendant could serve the entire term or just the minimum amount, depending on their behavior in prison and other factors.<\/p>\n<p>New York law sets the absolute minimum sentence for sexual assault felonies at one year. The maximum prison time will be 25\u00a0years for the most serious offenses. Judges can choose any range that falls within those limits for the offense category.<\/p>\n<h2>Federal Laws on Sexual Assault Penalties<\/h2>\n<p>When a sex offense is in federal court, the law directs the judge to examine a number of factors, including the defendant&#8217;s criminal history and any acceptance of responsibility. Federal law designates sexual assault crimes as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/us\/title-18-crimes-and-criminal-procedure\/18-usc-sect-2241\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aggravated sexual abuse<\/a>\u00a0or sexual abuse.<\/p>\n<p>Penalties for engaging in these crimes can include any number of years in prison to life. When the victim of the offense is a child under age 16, the minimum penalty may begin at 30 years.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, federal law provides that the court can order those convicted of sexual assault to pay fines and to compensate their victims for any expenses directly related to the crime. This can include costs for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Medical care<\/li>\n<li>Physical or occupational therapy<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/filing-a-lawsuit\/attorney-fees-and-costs.html\">Attorney&#8217;s fees<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Other losses caused by the crime<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A federal judge will normally take the following steps prior to the imposition of a sentence in a sexual assault case:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Review the minimum and maximum penalties set forth in the law for the particular offense<\/li>\n<li>Consult the federal\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ussc.gov\/guidelines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sentencing guidelines<\/a>\u00a0issued by the U.S. Sentencing Commission. The judge will calculate the range under the guidelines and consider any reasons to depart from that range.<\/li>\n<li>Review the pre-sentence report prepared by the probation department<\/li>\n<li>Review any victim impact statement(s) provided to the court<\/li>\n<li>Consider the nature of the crime and any criminal history of the offender<\/li>\n<li>Consider the statements of the prosecutor, the defendant, and the defense counsel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For a felony sexual assault conviction, the court must set a minimum prison sentence of at least one year. Most situations will call for a determinate sentence.<\/p>\n<p>As with state law, some circumstances may lead the court to impose a harsher sentence. For example, the use of a firearm or an assault on a young child may bring a mandatory minimum prison sentence. The federal system permits the offender to earn credit for good time in some circumstances. The court will also issue orders related to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/the-sex-offender-registration-and-notification-act-.html\">sex offender registration and notification<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The federal court does not become directly engaged in plea negotiations between Justice Department prosecutors and the defense. If the court is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/defense-plea-bargains.html\">presented with a plea bargain<\/a>, like its state counterparts, it may accept or reject the deal.<\/p>\n<h2>Civil Lawsuits for Sexual Assault<\/h2>\n<p>Federal and state law permits victims of a sexual assault to pursue civil remedies as well. Civil actions can provide remedies similar to a personal injury case that are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-law-basics\/the-differences-between-a-criminal-case-and-a-civil-case.html\">not available in criminal court<\/a>. This can include monetary damages, injunctive relief, and more.<\/p>\n<p>In a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/civil-sexual-assault-lawsuits.html#\">civil sexual assault lawsuit<\/a>, the plaintiff must prove their case by a preponderance of the evidence. This is a lesser standard than the criminal standard of &#8220;beyond a reasonable doubt.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2>Getting Legal Help With Your Sexual Assault Case<\/h2>\n<p>A sexual assault conviction carries significant penalties and collateral consequences. If you have been charged with sexual assault, you have the constitutional right to legal representation. Consider speaking to an experienced <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/sex-crime\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense\u00a0attorney<\/a>\u00a0as soon as possible.<\/p>\n<p>An attorney can discuss defense strategy with you and potentially challenge any evidence against you. They can also help negotiate a fair resolution on your behalf.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n   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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>After a jury finds a defendant guilty of sexual assault, the case goes to the judge for sentencing. Judges rely on several factors to determine a sentence. Learn about rape, statutory rape, SORNA, and much more at FindLaw.com.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41135,"featured_media":0,"parent":351991,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticleWithBreadcrumbsController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_autodraft_ids":[],"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_sb_is_suggestion_mode":false,"_sb_show_suggestion_boards":false,"_sb_show_comment_boards":false,"_sb_suggestion_history":"","_sb_update_block_changes":"","_is_real_time_mode":false,"_realtime_collaborators":"","footnotes":"","cf_checklist_status":[]},"categories":[2729],"tags":[],"state_laws_tags":[],"flmsa":[],"class_list":["post-352152","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-criminal"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352152","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/41135"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=352152"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352152\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":400526,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352152\/revisions\/400526"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/351991"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=352152"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=352152"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=352152"},{"taxonomy":"state_laws_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/state_laws_tags?post=352152"},{"taxonomy":"flmsa","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/flmsa?post=352152"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}