{"id":352190,"date":"2023-08-23T16:37:15","date_gmt":"2023-08-23T21:37:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/wire-fraud.html"},"modified":"2023-08-23T16:37:15","modified_gmt":"2023-08-23T21:37:15","slug":"wire-fraud","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/wire-fraud.html","title":{"rendered":"Wire Fraud"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Wire Fraud<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/eric-harvey-j-d\/\">Eric Harvey, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/t-evan-eosten-fisher-esq-2\/\">T. Evan Fisher, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            August 23, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>Wire fraud involves using telecommunications to intentionally deceive for monetary or personal gain. It is&nbsp;typically a federal crime with severe penalties including fines and imprisonment. Common schemes include phishing, telemarketing fraud, and identity theft.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the most common federal criminal charges is wire fraud. The &#8220;wire&#8221; is any form of telecommunication. Forms of telecommunication include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Phone calls and voicemails<\/li>\n<li>Fax<\/li>\n<li>Text messages<\/li>\n<li>Radio<\/li>\n<li>Television<\/li>\n<li>Internet messages, including social media and email<\/li>\n<li>Cable communications<\/li>\n<li>Any other form of airwave<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/fraud.html\">Fraud<\/a>&#8221; involves the use of intentional deception for monetary or personal gain. This article explains the crime of wire fraud and provides examples of this state and federal crime. This article also shares examples of wire fraud.<\/p>\n<p>Wire fraud can involve bank fraud insofar as wire fraud involves the misuse or illegal use of a financial institution. Fraud offenses can entail severe penalties. So, if you&#8217;re facing charges or accusations for such offenses (even a federal offense), you should contact a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense lawyer<\/a> near you for legal help.<\/p>\n<h2>Definition of Wire Fraud<\/h2>\n<p>The definition of wire fraud is broad and includes any writings, signs, signals, pictures, or sounds that are transmitted. Wire fraud differs from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/mail-fraud.html\">mail fraud<\/a>\u00a0in very basic ways. Mail fraud, for example, involves a similar kind of fraud but only by use of the United States Postal Service (USPS).<\/p>\n<p>The U.S. Department of Justice wire fraud statute (<a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/us\/title-18-crimes-and-criminal-procedure\/18-usc-sect-1343.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">18 U.S.C. 1343<\/a>) cites these four elements of wire fraud:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The defendant created or participated in a scheme to defraud another out of money or property;<\/li>\n<li>The defendant did so with the intent to defraud;<\/li>\n<li>It was reasonably foreseeable that the defendant would use wire communications; and<\/li>\n<li>The defendant did, in fact, use interstate wire communications<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>On the part of the fraudster, the offense can involve the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>False pretenses<\/li>\n<li>False statements<\/li>\n<li>Material misrepresentation<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/tax\/tax-problems-audits\/tax-evasion-and-fraud.html\">Tax fraud<\/a>, if the offense concurrently involves tax systems or misrepresentation of tax forms<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/securities-fraud.html\">Securities fraud<\/a>, if the systems used involve stocks, bonds, or other financial instruments that are publicly traded<\/li>\n<li>Health care fraud, if the systems used involve a hospital, doctor, or medical insurance company<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Federal wire fraud charges are used to prosecute perpetrators of both <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/white-collar-crime.html\">white-collar crimes<\/a> and organized crime. Scams that take place over interstate wires include (among other things):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Telemarketing fraud<\/li>\n<li>Phishing<\/li>\n<li>Identity theft<\/li>\n<li>Spam-related\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/fraud-financial-crimes.html\">financial crimes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This includes the FBI as the primary law enforcement agency to investigate the offense. Wire fraud can involve foreign commerce.<\/p>\n<h2>Penalties for Wire Fraud<\/h2>\n<p>Like mail, telecommunications is an instrument of interstate commerce. That means the crime of wire fraud can be charged at the federal level. It is typically investigated by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Federal Bureau of Investigation<\/a> (FBI). It is also usually investigated by the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ftc.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Federal Trade Commission<\/a>\u00a0(FTC). But state laws can also result in criminal charges.<\/p>\n<p>If the fraud\u00a0<span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px\"><a target=\"_blank\">crosses state lines<\/a>\u00a0or spans beyond one state in any way, wire fraud or comparable offenses are treated as federal offenses. But wire fraud almost always involves this kind of interstate offense<\/span>\u00a0by its very nature.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Persons found guilty of wire fraud under federal law face the following penalties:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fines up to $250,000 for individuals<\/li>\n<li>Fines up to $500,000 for organizations<\/li>\n<li>Imprisonment of not more than 20 years<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Additional penalties include 30 years imprisonment and a million-dollar fine if the wire fraud is related to a presidentially declared major disaster or involves a financial institution.<\/p>\n<p>These penalties are per count, which means that each phone call, email, or other electronic communication can be considered a separate count. For instance, if an individual makes three phone calls regarding the fraud, there may be three counts of wire fraud. Each count would potentially be subject to the maximum $250,000 fine and a 20-year prison sentence for a total of $750,000 in fines and 60 years in prison.<\/p>\n<h2>Wire Fraud Schemes<\/h2>\n<p>Below are a few examples of wire fraud schemes.<\/p>\n<h3>The Nigerian Prince Scam<\/h3>\n<p>One of the early and infamous examples of email fraud is the story of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/new-nigerian-prince-scam-according-better-business-bureau-mitnick?trk=mp-reader-card\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nigerian prince<\/a>. In that scam, the sender claims that he is a Nigerian prince who has been exiled and needs to transfer millions of dollars out of the country. He asks the reader for help in doing so, for which he will lavishly reward them.<\/p>\n<p>The reader only needs to provide the Nigerian prince with his bank account details so the money can be transferred. The scammer then uses that information to access the reader&#8217;s money.<\/p>\n<p>The newest version of this scam, as reported by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbb.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Better Business Bureau<\/a>\u00a0(BBB), involves scammers creating fake bank websites to add credibility to their stories. The victim can then access the fake bank account to see the millions of dollars &#8220;available&#8221; to them. They enter their own bank routing information, and the scammers have what they need.<\/p>\n<h3>Phishing<\/h3>\n<p>Criminals who commit wire fraud are frequently looking for their victims&#8217; personal information. This information includes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Credit card information<\/li>\n<li>Passwords<\/li>\n<li>Financial information and bank account numbers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/phishing-scams.html\">Phishing<\/a> is the practice by which a scammer sends out an email that looks official but is not. The email requests personal information from the reader.<\/p>\n<p>In 2018, two Nigerian nationals,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/news.gatech.edu\/news\/2018\/08\/15\/two-convicted-charges-stemming-phishing-scams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Olayinka Olaniyi and Damilola Solomon Ibiwoye<\/a>, were convicted in federal court of conspiracy to commit wire fraud. They were also convicted of computer fraud and aggravated identity theft. They led a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/consumer\/online-scams\/what-is-email-phishing-and-spoofing-.html\">phishing scheme<\/a> that tricked employees at several American universities into sharing their computer login and password.<\/p>\n<p>Once they had that information, they used it to deposit payroll checks into bank accounts they controlled. They also gained access to W2 forms. They used those forms to file fraudulent tax returns.<\/p>\n<p>These fraudsters used yet another fraudulent scheme to complete the theft\u2014a romance scam. They used <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/consumer\/online-scams\/social-networking-safety.html\">dating sites and apps<\/a> to lure in trusting love interests. At some point, they would ask the new partner if they could wire transfer money into their bank account for safekeeping. They would then transfer the money from the universities into these American accounts before forwarding it to their own accounts in Malaysia and other countries.<\/p>\n<h3>Telemarketing Fraud<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 0.8125rem\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/telemarketing-fraud.html\">Telemarketing fraud<\/a> is another common example of wire fraud, this one using the phone<\/span>. In 2020,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/usao-ri\/pr\/five-tied-millions-dollars-telemarketing-fraud-convicted\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sahil Narang<\/a>\u00a0was one of six conspirators convicted of a telemarketing scheme that originated in India. Their targets were mostly elderly Americans who owned computers but were hardly tech-savvy.<\/p>\n<p>Narang pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit wire fraud and ten counts of wire fraud. The scheme was called &#8220;Tech Fraud,&#8221; and it involved routing some 20,000 phone calls regarding computer tech problems to call centers in India. More than 7,000 callers stayed on the line, allowing the scammers to remotely access their computers for &#8220;repairs.&#8221; That misrepresentation allowed computer criminals in India to download their banking information.<\/p>\n<p>Worse yet, a follow-up &#8220;Refund&#8221; scheme involved calling the victims of the first scam to tell them they were eligible for a refund. Of course, they needed to provide their banking information so the money could be forwarded to them. Eager to be refunded, the victims handed over their account information and were defrauded a second time.<\/p>\n<h2>Charged With Wire Fraud? Get Legal Help<\/h2>\n<p>If you have been charged with mail and wire fraud or any other offense, talk to a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense attorney<\/a>\u00a0near you who handles federal criminal charges. An experienced defense lawyer can advise you on the best course of action for your defense. They can\u00a0also help you understand the charges against you and navigate the complexities of federal court.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n      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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>FindLaw explains wire fraud crimes, or any fraudulent scheme to secure money or property, committed or aided through the use of interstate 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