{"id":352307,"date":"2023-12-11T14:52:52","date_gmt":"2023-12-11T19:52:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/reversing-a-conviction.html"},"modified":"2023-12-11T14:52:52","modified_gmt":"2023-12-11T19:52:52","slug":"reversing-a-conviction","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/reversing-a-conviction.html","title":{"rendered":"Reversing a Conviction"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Reversing a Conviction<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/samuel-strom-j-d\/\">Samuel Strom, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/melissa-bender-esq\/\">Melissa Bender, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            December 11, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>Criminal defendants generally use writs when they have no other available remedy. For example, a criminal defendant who has appealed to the highest court and lost their case may file a writ as a last resort in their criminal case.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n<p>If the trier of fact convicts you of a crime and you believe the guilty verdict was in error, you&#8217;ll want to pursue the reversal of the conviction.<\/p>\r\n<p>This article covers the basics of&nbsp;reversing&nbsp;a&nbsp;conviction. Specifically, it overviews&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/appeal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">appeals<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/writ.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writs<\/a>, two of the most common ways a higher court reverses a conviction. While this article provides general information about these processes, it&#8217;s important to remember that a successful appeal or writ depends on your case&#8217;s facts and the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/state.html\">laws of your jurisdiction<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Reversing a Criminal Conviction: Appeals and Writs<\/h2>\r\n<p>A criminal defendant can challenge their conviction in several ways. Two of the most common ways to challenge a conviction are appeals and writs. A successful challenge may lead to an&nbsp;acquittal&nbsp;of their charges or the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/expungement\/expungement-basics.html\">expungement<\/a>&nbsp;of their record.<\/p>\r\n<p>Appeals are available in both&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/legal-system\/how-is-the-court-system-structured.html\">state and federal courts<\/a>. A criminal defendant who&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/appeals-appellate-courts-and-costs.html\">appeals their conviction<\/a>&nbsp;requests that an appellate court review the trial court&#8217;s judgment for legal errors. Depending on the facts of their case, the defendant may ask the appellate court to set aside a conviction.<\/p>\r\n<p>Writs, on the other hand, are sometimes called an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/repository.uclawsf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1774&amp;context=hastings_law_journal#:~:text=The%20writs%20of%20certiorari%2C%20prohibition,%2C%20and%20adequate%20rem%2D%20edy.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extraordinary remedy<\/a>.&nbsp;Common writs include the following:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/writ-of-habeas-corpus.html\">Writ of habeas corpus<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/mandamus.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Writ of mandamus<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/certiorari.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Writ of certiorari<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Appeals Process Overview<\/h2>\r\n<p>In&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal.html\">criminal law<\/a>, the defendant has a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights.html\">constitutional right<\/a>&nbsp;to a direct appeal to a higher court following a conviction. This means the defendant may request a higher court, like a circuit court or the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Supreme Court<\/a>, to review the lower court&#8217;s&nbsp;judgment.<\/p>\r\n<p>An appeal is not a&nbsp;new trial, and the appellate court does not retry a case on appeal. Instead, the higher court reviews a transcript of the lower court&#8217;s trial and hears legal arguments from the defendant about why they believe the lower court made legal errors in their&nbsp;criminal case.<\/p>\r\n<p>Courts&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/casc.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rarely<\/a>&nbsp;overturn lower court decisions. The Constitution guarantees a criminal defendant a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/what-is-a-fair-trial-.html\">fair trial<\/a>, but it does not guarantee a &quot;perfect&quot; trial. Instead, the Constitution provides certain safeguards to defendants that account for errors and oversights.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Legal Errors: The Basis of an Appeal<\/h3>\r\n<p>If a criminal defendant believes the trial court made errors in handling the case, they may file a notice of appeal. The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/appeals-appellate-courts-and-costs.html\">notice of appeal<\/a>&nbsp;begins the appeals process.<\/p>\r\n<p>A criminal defendant cannot appeal simply because they disagreed with the case&#8217;s outcome. A criminal defendant must base their appeal on an alleged&nbsp;legal error. For example, the defendant may appeal the following types of legal errors:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>The judge gave the jurors improper&nbsp;jury instructions<\/li>\r\n<li>There was insufficient evidence&nbsp;to arrest the defendant<\/li>\r\n<li>Their trial lawyer provided&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/ineffective-assistance-of-counsel.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ineffective assistance of counsel<\/a>&nbsp;during the case<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>An appellate court will overturn a guilty verdict only if the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/the-basis-for-a-criminal-appeal.html\">trial court erred<\/a>&nbsp;in a way that significantly affected the case&#8217;s outcome. The court of appeals generally defers to the trial court findings, particularly regarding&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/real-and-demonstrative-evidence.html\">findings of fact<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Remands and Reversals<\/h3>\r\n<p>If the appellate court decides to consider the appeal, it reviews the trial court&#8217;s judgment. Then, it will either&nbsp;affirm,&nbsp;reverse, or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/remand.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">remand<\/a>&nbsp;the judgment.<\/p>\r\n<p>If the appellate court affirms the judgment, the trial court&#8217;s judgment stands. If it reverses the judgment, it sets aside the judgment. The appellate court may also remand the judgment on a specific issue, requiring the trial court to reconsider some aspect of the case based on the court&#8217;s instructions.<\/p>\r\n<p>For example, suppose the police obtained a&nbsp;search warrant&nbsp;to search your property. The search warrant restricted law enforcement to a search of your basement only. Suppose that the police&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-warrant-requirements.html\">illegally expanded the search<\/a>&nbsp;to your entire home, and they found incriminating evidence in your attic. Law enforcement arrests you, and a jury ultimately convicts you of a crime. In such a case, you could appeal because law enforcement&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-and-seizure-and-the-fourth-amendment.html\">obtained the evidence illegally<\/a>, and the trial court erred by not&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-and-the-exclusionary-rule.html\">excluding it from trial<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Using the example above,&nbsp;prosecutors&nbsp;may still be able to obtain a guilty verdict without the illegally obtained evidence. It&#8217;s important to understand that criminal appeals must focus on the case&#8217;s specifics and not necessarily the outcome.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Harmless Error<\/h3>\r\n<p>Some errors at the trial court level are considered&nbsp;harmless.&nbsp;A harmless error does not substantially affect the result of a case. Appellate courts may identify harmless errors and decide to affirm the trial court&#8217;s judgment.<\/p>\r\n<p>Of course, some errors warrant a reversal, such as the use of a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.findlaw.com\/blog\/false-and-coerced-confession-faq\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">coerced confession<\/a>. Appellate courts rarely interfere with a lower court&#8217;s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/criminal-sentencing.html\">sentences<\/a>&nbsp;handed down. But in some cases where the law specifies a particular sentence, the appellate court may send the case back for resentencing if the court gets it wrong.<\/p>\r\n<p>Two reasonable juries can reach different verdicts on the same set of facts. One jury may convict a person while another may acquit them,&nbsp;but unless something goes wrong at the trial level, you cannot appeal a case simply because you believe the jury reached the wrong verdict. Instead, you must show the error was&nbsp;serious or manifest&nbsp;and likely change the case&#8217;s outcome.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Reversing a Conviction Through Writs<\/h2>\r\n<p>If you have exhausted all your remedies through appeals but still believe the case was unjust or the court made a mistake, you may look into filing a writ. A writ is an order from a higher court directing a lower court to take some kind of action. A defendant typically files a writ in extraordinary situations where an appeal is not an option. While the trial court may not have erred, you may file a writ if some other injustice or error affected the verdict.<\/p>\r\n<p>For example, a defendant whose attorney failed to consider a defense that may have changed the case&#8217;s outcome may petition the higher court to issue a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/writs.html\">writ<\/a>. Some writs allow defendants to introduce new evidence discovered post-conviction. Alternatively, they may introduce evidence, such as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/post-conviction-dna-analysis.html\">DNA profiling<\/a>, if it tends to change the facts of their case.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Learn More About Reversing a Conviction by Speaking to a Lawyer<\/h2>\r\n<p>A convicted criminal has options regarding post-conviction relief. However, appellate procedure and filing writs are complex. Consider contacting a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense attorney<\/a>&nbsp;to discuss your case and determine if reversing your conviction is possible. An experienced defense lawyer or appeals lawyer can provide legal advice regarding the following:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Whether to request&nbsp;oral argument&nbsp;for your appeal<\/li>\r\n<li>Whether you should file a writ of habeas corpus to challenge the circumstances of your confinement<\/li>\r\n<li>Defense and litigation strategy for your federal or state court criminal case<\/li>\r\n<li>The legal consequences of entering a&nbsp;guilty plea<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>If the government has charged you with a crime, consider contacting a criminal defense attorney near you.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                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medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Complex criminal defense situations usually require a lawyer\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Defense attorneys can help protect your rights\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    A lawyer can seek to reduce or eliminate criminal penalties\n\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n                <p>Get tailored advice and ask your legal 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<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>FindLaw&#8217;s overview of reversing a conviction, which is generally done by filing an appeal or a writ. Learn about appellate court, habeas corpus, and much more at FindLaw.com.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41135,"featured_media":0,"parent":352235,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticleWithBreadcrumbsController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_autodraft_ids":[],"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_sb_is_suggestion_mode":false,"_sb_show_suggestion_boards":false,"_sb_show_comment_boards":false,"_sb_suggestion_history":"","_sb_update_block_changes":"","_is_real_time_mode":false,"_realtime_collaborators":"","footnotes":"","cf_checklist_status":[]},"categories":[2729],"tags":[],"state_laws_tags":[],"flmsa":[],"class_list":["post-352307","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-criminal"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352307","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/41135"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=352307"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352307\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352235"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=352307"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=352307"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=352307"},{"taxonomy":"state_laws_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/state_laws_tags?post=352307"},{"taxonomy":"flmsa","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/flmsa?post=352307"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}