{"id":352350,"date":"2023-08-28T12:36:21","date_gmt":"2023-08-28T17:36:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/cell-phone-privacy-and-warrant-requirements.html"},"modified":"2023-08-28T12:36:21","modified_gmt":"2023-08-28T17:36:21","slug":"cell-phone-privacy-and-warrant-requirements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/cell-phone-privacy-and-warrant-requirements.html","title":{"rendered":"Cellphone Privacy and Warrant Requirements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Cellphone Privacy and Warrant Requirements<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/samuel-strom-j-d\/\">Samuel Strom, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/rhonda-earhart-esq\/\">Rhonda Earhart, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            August 28, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches, requiring law enforcement to obtain a warrant based on probable cause. But, the laws allows for reduced privacy expectations for information shared with third parties, like cellphone companies. Recent Supreme Court rulings have clarified warrant requirements for accessing cellphone data.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Our smartphones and other devices track our movements, online purchases, personal relationships, and more. But while we know of such exposure, we still have certain expectations of privacy under the law. But in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/law-of-criminal-evidence-background.html\">criminal case<\/a>, the extent of your privacy rights can be complex.<\/p>\n<p>If you or a loved one has been charged with a crime, a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal law attorney<\/a> can determine\u00a0how your privacy rights apply in your specific situation.<\/p>\n<p>This article explores the basics of cellphone privacy concerning the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Fourth Amendment right against\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-and-seizure-and-the-fourth-amendment.html\">unreasonable search and seizure<\/a><\/li>\n<li>The third-party doctrine and how it relates to cellphone data<\/li>\n<li>The changing nature of search warrant requirements for cellphone records<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Fourth Amendment Basics<\/h2>\n<p>The meaning and scope of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment4\/annotation01.html#1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourth Amendment<\/a>\u00a0to the U.S. Constitution have become increasingly complex. But, its fundamental purpose remains to protect people against government intrusion.<\/p>\n<p>Law enforcement cannot perform a search without legal justification. Police officers typically need a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-warrant-requirements.html\">search warrant<\/a>. They must show\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/probable-cause.html\">probable cause<\/a>\u00a0for a judge to issue a warrant. A search warrant is a court order indicating the parameters of a search.<\/p>\n<p>Unreasonable searches and seizures violate your constitutional rights. If police search your house without a valid warrant, a judge will likely exclude any seized evidence from your criminal case. But, law enforcement officers are sometimes justified in performing\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-reasonableness-requirement.html\">warrantless searches<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Certain things that police observe in the open or legally obtain from third parties are not considered a &#8220;search.&#8221; Therefore, these searches do not require a warrant. For instance, an FBI agent who overhears a suspect sharing incriminating information while talking on their cellphone in public can use that information as evidence. But, the FBI cannot <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/do-the-police-have-the-right-to-tap-my-telephone.html\">wiretap\u00a0that person&#8217;s phone<\/a> without a valid warrant.<\/p>\n<p>Cellphones often raise much more complicated Fourth Amendment issues than searches involving other property. For example, consider the difference between the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/consumer\/online-scams\/federal-data-privacy-laws.html\">data you share<\/a> and data shared beyond your control.<\/p>\n<h2>Cellphone Privacy and the Third-Party Doctrine<\/h2>\n<p>The &#8220;third-party doctrine&#8221; states that individuals have a reduced\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/what-is-the--reasonable-expectation-of-privacy--.html\">expectation of privacy<\/a>\u00a0regarding information knowingly shared with a third party, including cellphone companies. The Fourth Amendment does not protect such information. Therefore, police do not need a warrant to access it legally.<\/p>\n<p>The U.S. Supreme Court established the third-party doctrine before the first cellphones were made available to consumers. In the case of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/us-supreme-court\/442\/735.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Smith v. Maryland<\/i><\/a>\u00a0(1979), the Supreme Court held that &#8220;a person has no legitimate expectation of privacy in information he voluntarily turns over to third parties.&#8221; The phone company was already in possession of numbers dialed in that case.<\/p>\n<p>You willingly expose yourself every day with your cellphone. You do so by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Actively making phone calls<\/li>\n<li>Using location data<\/li>\n<li>Saving data to cloud-based servers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>But since you share an enormous amount of data daily, often unconsciously, it is not always clear what you share or when. This gray area on phone records has generated plenty of debate. The ever-increasing sophistication of digital devices further complicates it.<\/p>\n<p>Justice Sonia Sotomayor addressed this in a 2012 case (<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/us-supreme-court\/10-1259.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>United States v. Jones<\/i><\/a>) that involved GPS tracking. She questioned whether all data subject to the third-party doctrine should be exempted from Fourth Amendment protection. She wrote:<\/p>\n<p><i>&#8220;This approach is ill suited to the digital age, in which people reveal a great deal of information about themselves to third parties in the course of carrying out mundane tasks.&#8221;<\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Warrant Requirements for Cellphone Data<\/h2>\n<p>Despite the private information that cellphone data may reveal to police, these are services you choose to use. But while the choice to use a cellphone or smartphone is voluntary, the simple act of turning on your phone does not result in the forfeiture of your Fourth Amendment rights. Several court decisions have clarified your Fourth Amendment rights regarding cellphone data.<\/p>\n<p>In\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/us-supreme-court\/16-402.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Carpenter v. United States<\/i><\/a>\u00a0(2018), the Supreme Court ruled that cell site location information (CSLI) is not subject to the third-party doctrine. The justices made this ruling despite users sharing CSLI with cellphone service providers.<\/p>\n<p>CSLI refers to the data generated each time a cellphone connects to a nearby tower. Taken as a whole, this data can track a person&#8217;s location data with some degree of accuracy. It&#8217;s still less definitive than GPS data. In the\u00a0<i>Carpenter<\/i>\u00a0opinion, Chief Justice John Roberts (partially quoting another case) noted:<\/p>\n<p><i>First, cellphones and the services they provide are &#8220;such a pervasive and insistent part of daily life&#8221; that carrying one is indispensable to participation in modern society. Second, a cellphone logs a cell-site record [CSLI data] by dint of its operation, without any affirmative act on the user&#8217;s part beyond powering up.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>In\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/13-132-nr1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Riley v. California<\/i><\/a>\u00a0(2014), a police officer conducted a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legal\/practice\/practice-guide\/constitutional-limits-to-cell-phone-searches-incident-to-arrest.html\">search incident to arrest<\/a>. Law enforcement seized the plaintiff&#8217;s cellphone. Police searched the phone without a warrant. The suspect argued that police violated his constitutional rights by searching his phone without a warrant.<\/p>\n<p>The Supreme Court&#8217;s ruling in\u00a0<i>Riley\u00a0<\/i>requires police to obtain a warrant before viewing the contents of a cellphone seized after an arrest. The Supreme Court reversed the lower court, the California Court of Appeal, as it related to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-warrant-requirements.html\">warrant requirements<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>As new technology emerges, the nature of the third-party doctrine likely will be revisited. As technology changes, legal questions about warrant requirements for cellphone data will surely be raised.<\/p>\n<h2>Have You Been Charged With a Crime? Contact an Attorney<\/h2>\n<p>Knowing and protecting your privacy interests is crucial if law enforcement charges you with a crime. If you believe police have violated your Fourth Amendment rights, consider calling a lawyer. A criminal defense lawyer can help you with the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Explaining your reasonable expectation of privacy rights and privacy protections<\/li>\n<li>Law enforcement&#8217;s ability to seize evidence of a crime<\/li>\n<li>Legal advice on law enforcement&#8217;s search of a cellphone<\/li>\n<li>Court rulings regarding cellphone privacy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Get peace of mind and protect your privacy rights by speaking with a local\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense attorney<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                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was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                        >Out of date<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--positive at-feedback-submit fl-button secondary\"\n                    type=\"submit\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-section-sidebar\"><div class=\"fl-editors-summary\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content\">\n                    <h2>Can I Solve This on My Own or Do I Need an Attorney?<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\">\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"fl-list-style-none\">\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    An attorney can determine if cellphone data was obtained legally\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Complex and time-consuming cases often benefit from professional legal help\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    An attorney can seek to reduce or eliminate criminal penalties\n\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n                <p>Hiring an attorney may improve your chances of a positive outcome in court. Many attorneys offer free consultations.<\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link fl-flex\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link\">\n                <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <p class=\"find-attorney\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/#USER_GEO\/?fli=esum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">If you need an attorney, find one right now<\/a><\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"email-subscription fl-mb30\">\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-header\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-content\">\n            <h3 class=\"fl-callout-sm fl-no-margin\">Stay Up-to-Date With How the Law Affects Your Life<\/h3>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-image fl-flex fl-items-end\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\"\n                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