{"id":352372,"date":"2023-08-30T14:46:20","date_gmt":"2023-08-30T19:46:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/probable-cause.html"},"modified":"2023-08-30T14:46:20","modified_gmt":"2023-08-30T19:46:20","slug":"probable-cause","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/probable-cause.html","title":{"rendered":"Probable Cause"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Probable Cause<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/samuel-strom-j-d\/\">Samuel Strom, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/rhonda-earhart-esq\/\">Rhonda Earhart, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            August 30, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>&quot;Probable cause&quot; is the legal basis that allows police to arrest&nbsp;someone, conduct a&nbsp;search, or seize property. For a warrant to be issued, probable cause must be demonstrated based on the totality of the circumstances.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This requirement comes from the\u00a0Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which protects against <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/u-s-constitution-fourth-amendment.html\">unreasonable searches and seizures<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p><i>&#8220;The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.&#8221;<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Thus, for a court to issue a\u00a0warrant, it must be supported by a showing of probable cause.<\/p>\n<p>This article provides a definition of probable cause. It also examines the probable cause standard in connection with the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Detentions<\/li>\n<li>Arrests<\/li>\n<li>Searches<\/li>\n<li>Seizures<\/li>\n<li>Prosecutions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Warrants and Probable Cause<\/h2>\n<p>To <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-warrant-requirements.html\">get a warrant<\/a>, an officer will sign an\u00a0affidavit.\u00a0The affidavit states the facts the officer knows from their own observations. They can also base their affidavit on the observations of citizens or\u00a0police informants.<\/p>\n<p>These facts support their claim that probable cause exists to conduct a search, seize property, or make an arrest. The officer will then provide this information to a neutral\u00a0judge\u00a0or\u00a0magistrate.<\/p>\n<p>If a judge or magistrate agrees that probable cause exists based on the &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment4\/annotation02.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">totality of the circumstances<\/a>,&#8221; they will issue an arrest warrant or search warrant. The judge relies upon the honesty of the police officer in presenting accurate information.<\/p>\n<p>Federal courts have held that the judge may give \u201cconsiderable weight&#8221; to a law enforcement officer&#8217;s conclusions regarding where evidence of a crime may be found (<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-6th-circuit\/1481369.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>United States v. Mick<\/i><\/a>\u00a0(2001);\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-6th-circuit\/1304132.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>United States v. Caicedo<\/i><\/a>\u00a0(1996)).\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The Supreme Court adopted the \u201ctotality of the circumstances&#8221; test in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/462\/213.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Illinois v. Gates<\/i><\/a>\u00a0(1983). There, law enforcement officials received an anonymous tip that a married couple was engaged in drug trafficking. Acting on this information, police ultimately obtained a search warrant. Police searched the couple&#8217;s residence and seized illegal drugs.<\/p>\n<p>The couple moved to suppress the evidence seized. They argued probable cause did not <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/searches-and-seizures-the-limitations-of-the-police.html\">support the warrant<\/a>. The Supreme Court concluded the warrant was valid. The Court noted that probable cause is a \u201cfluid concept&#8221; that depends on law enforcement&#8217;s assessment of multiple factors.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, the Court wrote that probable cause cannot be confined to a \u201cneat set of legal rules.&#8221; Instead, probable cause is essentially an \u201cassessment of probabilities.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2>Temporary Detention Does Not Require Probable Cause<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/traffic\/traffic-stops\/getting-pulled-over.html\">Traffic stops<\/a> and pedestrian questioning are examples of temporary\u00a0detention.\u00a0Temporary detention requires only &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-reasonableness-requirement.html\">reasonable suspicion<\/a>,&#8221; not probable cause.<\/p>\n<p>If the police have &#8220;reasonable suspicion,&#8221; they act on specific facts and inferences about a particular person. &#8220;Reasonable suspicion&#8221; uses the &#8220;reasonable person standard.&#8221; The term refers to whether a reasonable person would believe criminal activity was at hand and further investigation was required.<\/p>\n<p>Detention can become a formal arrest if the detaining officer develops probable cause to charge a crime as a result of the investigation. For the detainee, the line between detention and arrest is not always clear. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-legal-help\/what-you-can-expect-from-the-best-criminal-defense-lawyer.html\">criminal law attorney<\/a> can help determine if an arrest was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/when-is-an-arrest-a-legal-arrest.html\">a legal arrest<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Probable Cause for Arrest<\/h2>\n<p>Probable cause for arrest exists when facts and circumstances known by the police officer would lead a reasonable person to believe that the suspect has committed, is committing, or is attempting to commit a criminal offense. The probable cause to arrest standard applies to both\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-law-basics\/what-distinguishes-a-misdemeanor-from-a-felony.html\">misdemeanor and felony offenses<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Police must base probable cause on objective facts; it cannot be based on a hunch. The evidence required to show probable cause is less than &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/preponderance-of-the-evidence.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a preponderance of the evidence,<\/a>&#8221; which is the standard used to prove most civil cases in court. It is also less than \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/beyond-a-reasonable-doubt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beyond a reasonable doubt<\/a>,&#8221; the standard used in criminal cases.<\/p>\n<p>But, probable cause requires more than &#8220;a reasonable suspicion.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>If, during a criminal investigation, a police officer announces that a person is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/arrest.html\">under arrest<\/a> and places them in physical restraints, that is an arrest. At that moment, the arresting officer must have probable cause to believe the person committed a specific crime.<\/p>\n<p>Someone arrested or charged without probable cause could file a civil lawsuit. They could allege, for example,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/civil-rights-overview\/police-misconduct-and-civil-rights.html\">false arrest or malicious prosecution<\/a>. But, this type of suit will not succeed if the arresting officer is simply mistaken.<\/p>\n<h2>Probable Cause To Search Person or Property<\/h2>\n<p>Probable cause to search exists when facts and circumstances known to the law enforcement officer provide the basis for a reasonable person to believe that they committed a crime at the place to be searched or that evidence of a crime exists at the location.<\/p>\n<p>The police officer can then <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-and-seizure-law.html\">seek a search warrant<\/a> from a judge or magistrate. A search warrant gives the officer permission to conduct a limited search. Search warrants specify where law enforcement can search and items they can seize.<\/p>\n<h3>When a Search Warrant Is Not Needed<\/h3>\n<p>In some instances, police do not need a warrant to arrest or search. For example, if an officer witnesses a suspect commit a crime, they can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/chronology-the-arrest-process.html\">make an arrest<\/a>. If a warrantless arrest does occur, it may be subject to legal challenge by the defense in a subsequent proceeding. Circumstances that do not require a search or arrest warrant include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When the police have\u00a0consent\u00a0to search from a person who has\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/illegal-search-and-seizure-faqs.html#Required\">use or control<\/a>\u00a0of the premises<\/li>\n<li>When conducting a search connected to a lawful arrest<\/li>\n<li>In an emergency that threatens public safety or the potential loss of evidence,\u00a0also known as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/exigent-circumstances.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exigent circumstances<\/a><\/li>\n<li>If police impound a car after a\u00a0DUI\u00a0and law enforcement takes inventory of the vehicle as part of standard procedure<\/li>\n<li>If contraband is &#8220;in plain sight&#8221; from a location where the officer has a right to be present (For example, outside the car door, at the front door of a house or apartment)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/what-is-stop-and-frisk-.html\">Stop and frisk<\/a>\u00a0pat-downs for weapons<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If a judge subsequently determines that a warrant is invalid, or a warrantless search is determined to have been improper, the court will\u00a0exclude\u00a0evidence or statements obtained. This is known as the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-and-the-exclusionary-rule.html\">&#8220;exclusionary rule.&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0At a suppression hearing, the judge decides whether the exclusionary rule applies to a particular piece of evidence. The judge will hear\u00a0testimony\u00a0from the prosecuting and defense witnesses, along with case law analysis by the attorneys, to make their determination.<\/p>\n<h2>Probable Cause To Seize Property<\/h2>\n<p>Probable cause to seize property exists when facts and circumstances known to the officer would lead a reasonable person to believe that the item is\u00a0contraband, is stolen, or constitutes evidence of a crime.<\/p>\n<p>When a search warrant is in effect, police generally search only for the items described in the warrant. But in most situations, any contraband or evidence of other crimes they find <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/illegal-search-and-seizure-faqs.html\">may be seized as well<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Probable Cause for Criminal Charges<\/h2>\n<p>The concept of probable cause extends to the prosecution of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/view-all-criminal-charges.html\">criminal case<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure require a prosecutor to believe probable cause exists. Therefore, the prosecutor must believe that the person committed the crime before they recommend further investigation or prosecution.<\/p>\n<h2>Get Legal Help With Your Probable Cause Questions<\/h2>\n<p>The Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure depends on probable cause. It is one of the most important legal protections against law enforcement overreach in the criminal law system. But, it is also highly dependent on the facts of your case.<\/p>\n<p>An experienced criminal defense attorney can provide valuable assistance in a criminal case. If you believe law enforcement performed an unlawful search and seizure, consider contacting an experienced\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal\u00a0defense lawyer<\/a>\u00a0near you.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" 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secondary\"\n                    type=\"submit\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa 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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The 4th Amendment protects people from search and seizure without probable cause. 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