{"id":352380,"date":"2023-10-16T14:19:52","date_gmt":"2023-10-16T19:19:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-seizure.html"},"modified":"2023-10-16T14:19:52","modified_gmt":"2023-10-16T19:19:52","slug":"search-seizure","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-seizure.html","title":{"rendered":"Search and Seizure Protections"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Search and Seizure Protections<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/christie-nicholson-j-d\/\">Christie Nicholson, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/rhonda-earhart-esq\/\">Rhonda Earhart, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            October 16, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>The&nbsp;Fourth Amendment&nbsp;to the U.S. Constitution protects citizens and criminal suspects from unreasonable searches of their property and persons. It also prohibits police officers from making unlawful arrests or seizures. Understanding what constitutes probable cause and the requirements for a search or seizure is crucial.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Although this may seem straightforward, the law on these rights is not always clear. This article shares information on searches and seizures. Learn more about:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What the law requires of police conducting a search or seizure<\/li>\n<li>What constitutes&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/probable-cause.html\">probable cause<\/a><\/li>\n<li>What the law considers an unlawful search and seizure<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;What to do if law enforcement violate your&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/when-the-fourth-amendment-applies.html#:~:text=The%20Fourth%20Amendment%20only%20protects%20against%20searches%20and,nosey%20neighbors%2C%20aren%27t%20governed%20by%20the%20Fourth%20Amendment.\">Fourth Amendment rights<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Navigating criminal charges can be incredibly overwhelming and stressful. If you have been charged with a crime, you can talk to a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defense attorney<\/a> near you for help. An attorney can review the circumstances of your case and help you build a strong defense. In some situations, they can also seek to reduce or eliminate criminal penalties.<\/p>\n<h2>The Fourth Amendment and Warrants<\/h2>\n<p>The Fourth Amendment states that you have the right to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures. It also states that judges cannot <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-warrant-requirements.html\">issue a warrant<\/a> unless probable cause exists. It is not enough that the officer had a reasonable suspicion that a crime had taken place. Law enforcement agents must respect the Fourth Amendment rights of the people and abide by search and seizure law.<\/p>\n<p>This means that an officer can only search or seize a person&nbsp;or their property&nbsp;with:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A valid search warrant<\/li>\n<li>A valid and lawful arrest warrant, or<\/li>\n<li>A belief rising to the level of&nbsp;probable cause&nbsp;that an individual has committed a crime.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the police seize evidence without meeting one of these conditions, the judge may deem it an illegal search and will exclude that evidence at trial. The law refers to this as the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-and-the-exclusionary-rule.html\">exclusionary rule<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Fruit of the Poisonous Tree<\/h3>\n<p>If the police obtain evidence through an illegal search, the judge must exclude evidence gathered after the fact. The Supreme Court has held that any evidence that results as a by-product of an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/illegal-search-and-seizure-faqs.html\">illegal police search<\/a> constitutes &#8220;fruit of the poisonous tree.&#8221; In other words, law enforcement would not have the evidence had it not been for the unlawful search.<\/p>\n<p>Imagine the police stop somebody suspected of selling drugs on a local street corner. While conducting a stop and frisk of the suspect, the police searched their inside pockets and found several bags of heroin. They also find and collect the suspect&#8217;s cell phone. They arrest the suspect for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/drug-possession-overview.html\">drug possession<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Back at the police station, they find texts on the cell phone confirming their suspicion that the suspect is a drug dealer.<\/p>\n<p>If the court finds that the initial&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/what-is-stop-and-frisk-.html\">stop and frisk<\/a>&nbsp;was unlawful, then the texts on the cell phone would not be admissible at trial.<\/p>\n<h2>Probable Cause<\/h2>\n<p>Police must have probable cause to conduct a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-reasonableness-requirement.html\">warrantless search<\/a>. This is the same standard required for a judge to issue a warrant. Law enforcement must submit an affidavit spelling out why the judge should issue the warrant. If the judge believes probable cause exists, they can sign the warrant and authorize the search.<\/p>\n<p>Law enforcement has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/when-is-an-arrest-a-legal-arrest.html\">probable cause for arrest<\/a> when the facts and circumstances within the police officer&#8217;s knowledge would lead a reasonable person to believe that the suspect has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime. Probable cause must come from specific facts and circumstances, not a police officer&#8217;s hunch, feeling, or suspicion.<\/p>\n<p>Probable cause exists when the officer knows specific facts and circumstances that provide a reasonable basis to believe that the suspect committed a crime at the place to be searched or that evidence of a crime exists at that location.<\/p>\n<p>Probable cause to seize property exists when facts and circumstances known to the officer would lead a reasonable person to believe that the item is contraband, stolen, or constitutes <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/evidence-law.html\">evidence of a crime<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Search and Seizure Law Exceptions<\/h2>\n<p>There are several circumstances in which an officer can conduct a search, make an arrest, or seize items without <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/u-s-constitution-fourth-amendment.html\">implicating the Fourth Amendment<\/a>. These are exceptions to the rule and are sufficient to justify a warrantless search.<\/p>\n<p>The police can conduct searches where necessary to ensure their safety and the safety of the public. They are also able to seize evidence in plain view of the police. For example, the police do not need a warrant or probable cause to seize a bag of drugs lying on the floor.<\/p>\n<p>Police can also conduct a warrantless search in emergency situations. This is referred to as the exigent circumstances exception. An example would be while in pursuit of an armed fugitive. Police can also search an individual and the surrounding area when <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/chronology-the-arrest-process.html\">making an arrest<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Another situation where a police officer can conduct a warrantless search is when the suspect consents to the search. In fact, anyone in charge of a space, such as a roommate or spouse, can consent to the search. As long as the police believe that the person giving the consent has the apparent authority to do so, they do not need a warrant.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In a typical roommate scenario, a roommate can consent to a search of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/searches-and-seizures-the-limitations-of-the-police.html\">their own room and common areas of the residence only<\/a>. In a situation where there is a romantic relationship and the parties share a room, only consent of one of the room&#8217;s occupants is necessary.<\/p>\n<h2>Police Searches During a Traffic Stop<\/h2>\n<p>There are special rules regarding whether the police need a search warrant during a traffic stop. The regular rules and exceptions apply, such as the plain view exception to the warrant requirement. If the police <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/traffic\/traffic-stops\/getting-pulled-over.html\">pull a driver over<\/a> for&nbsp;suspicion of DUI&nbsp;and see an open container in plain view, they can seize it without a search warrant.<\/p>\n<p>Certain limitations apply to a routine traffic stop. For example, the police officer must reasonably believe the suspect <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/can-the-police-legitimately-search-my-vehicle-without-a-warrant.html\">committed a crime<\/a>. They must also believe that evidence of the crime is either in the car or the passengers&#8217; belongings.<\/p>\n<p>Some of the special rules that apply to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/traffic\/traffic-stops\/what-to-do-during-traffic-stops.html\">traffic stop<\/a> include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Law enforcement can search the suspect&#8217;s trunk, glove compartment, or center console if they believe there is evidence hidden in one of these locations.<\/li>\n<li>If the police believe evidence is hidden, they can search the passengers&#8217; pocketbooks, backpacks, and other personal belongings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Defendants in criminal cases have raised many Fourth Amendment issues over the years. Whenever there is a search incident to an arrest, the defendant has the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-legal-help\/get-legal-help-with-a-criminal-law-matter.html\">right to challenge the search and seizure<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>&nbsp;How an Attorney Can Help Challenge a Search or Seizure<\/h2>\n<p>It&#8217;s not always clear whether a law enforcement officer has violated your constitutional rights. The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United States Constitution<\/a>&nbsp;protects you from unlawful searches and seizures. Even if you engaged in criminal activity, you still have certain inalienable rights.<\/p>\n<p>If you believe the police have violated your reasonable expectation of privacy, you can contact a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal law attorney<\/a> for legal advice. They can review your case and determine if a good faith exception to the warrant requirement existed. If not, your attorney can demand that the State dismiss the criminal charges.<\/p>\n<p>The police have a right to conduct their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-law-basics\/how-do-the-police-investigate-crimes.html\">criminal investigation<\/a>. Still, they must respect the protections afforded in the Constitution.<\/p>\n<h2>Need Help Exercising Your Rights? Contact a Criminal Defense Attorney<\/h2>\n<p>In short, there are many circumstances in which the police may search and seize you or your possessions even without a warrant or probable cause. If you believe the police engaged in an unlawful search and seizure, you should contact a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense lawyer<\/a> right away.<\/p>\n<p>Try to recall the details of the events leading up to the search and review them with an attorney to determine whether your rights have been violated. Whether the State has charged you with a misdemeanor or a felony, you may&nbsp;face severe penalties. An attorney will review your criminal case and determine if your constitutional rights have been violated.<\/p>\n<p>Speak with a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense attorney<\/a>&nbsp;near you today to protect your rights and safeguard your future.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i 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was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--positive at-feedback-submit fl-button secondary\"\n                    type=\"submit\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-section-sidebar\"><div class=\"fl-editors-summary\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content\">\n                    <h2>Can I Solve This on My Own or Do I Need an Attorney?<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\">\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"fl-list-style-none\">\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    High-stakes criminal defense situations usually require legal help\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Defense attorneys can help protect and assert your rights\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    A lawyer can challenge an illegal search or seizure\n\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n                <p>An experienced attorney can increase your chances of a favorable outcome in court. Many attorneys offer free consultations.<\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link fl-flex\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link\">\n                <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <p class=\"find-attorney\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/#USER_GEO\/?fli=esum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">If you need an attorney, find one right now<\/a><\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"email-subscription fl-mb30\">\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-header\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-content\">\n            <h3 class=\"fl-callout-sm fl-no-margin\">Stay Up-to-Date With How the Law Affects Your Life<\/h3>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-image fl-flex fl-items-end\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\"\n                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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Search and seizure protections under the Fourth Amendment are not always clear. Understand search and seizure laws and limitations at FindLaw.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41135,"featured_media":0,"parent":352345,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticleWithBreadcrumbsController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_autodraft_ids":[],"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_sb_is_suggestion_mode":false,"_sb_show_suggestion_boards":false,"_sb_show_comment_boards":false,"_sb_suggestion_history":"","_sb_update_block_changes":"","_is_real_time_mode":false,"_realtime_collaborators":"","footnotes":"","cf_checklist_status":[]},"categories":[2729],"tags":[],"state_laws_tags":[],"flmsa":[],"class_list":["post-352380","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-criminal"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352380","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/41135"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=352380"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352380\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":389078,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352380\/revisions\/389078"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352345"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=352380"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=352380"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=352380"},{"taxonomy":"state_laws_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/state_laws_tags?post=352380"},{"taxonomy":"flmsa","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/flmsa?post=352380"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}