{"id":352393,"date":"2023-12-15T09:43:06","date_gmt":"2023-12-15T14:43:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-right-to-adequate-representation.html"},"modified":"2023-12-15T09:43:06","modified_gmt":"2023-12-15T14:43:06","slug":"the-right-to-adequate-representation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-right-to-adequate-representation.html","title":{"rendered":"The Right to Adequate Representation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">The Right to Adequate Representation<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/samuel-strom-j-d\/\">Samuel Strom, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/rhonda-earhart-esq\/\">Rhonda Earhart, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            December 15, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>The&nbsp;Sixth Amendment&nbsp;to the U.S. Constitution promises the&nbsp;right to an attorney&nbsp;and the right to adequate representation. These rights apply uniformly whether the defendant received a public defender or hired their own attorney.&nbsp;If a lawyer&#8217;s performance is significantly deficient, it can lead to a court overturning a guilty verdict.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The right to the effective assistance of counsel is important for several reasons. First, it requires attorneys to vigorously advocate for the defendant. Second, it helps promote a more just court system by leading to more accurate verdicts.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The right to adequate representation doesn&#8217;t mean perfect representation. But, a lawyer&#8217;s incompetence may justify a court <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/reversing-a-conviction.html\">overturning a guilty verdict<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>This article summarizes the right to adequate representation. Specifically, it covers the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How courts analyze the right<\/li>\n<li>What happens if an attorney violates the right<\/li>\n<li>Common claims of the inadequate assistance of counsel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Defendants are not stuck with their attorney if they believe they are not receiving effective representation. You have the right to seek a second opinion or request a new attorney. FindLaw&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Attorney Directory<\/a> can help you find an experienced criminal law attorney in your area.<\/p>\n<h2>Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel and Adequate Representation<\/h2>\n<p>The\u00a0Sixth Amendment <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/right-to-counsel.html\">right to counsel<\/a>\u00a0is one of several rights that guarantees criminal defendants a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/what-is-a-fair-trial-.html\">fair trial<\/a>\u00a0in criminal law. An attorney&#8217;s legal knowledge gives defendants a chance to prevail in a\u00a0criminal trial.<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0Sixth Amendment\u00a0also provides for the\u00a0appointment of counsel\u00a0for indigent defendants. &#8220;Indigent&#8221; refers to defendants who lack the finacial resources to hire a private attorney. The court will appoint a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-legal-help\/public-defenders-by-state.html\">public defender<\/a> to such defendants.<\/p>\n<p>The right to counsel applies at all\u00a0critical stages\u00a0of a criminal proceeding. Typically, this means from the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/arraignment.html\">arraignment hearing<\/a>,\u00a0when the court notifies a defendant of their criminal charges,\u00a0through the first\u00a0appeal (if any) of the verdict.<\/p>\n<p>Criminal defense attorneys owe their clients a\u00a0duty\u00a0of loyalty. They must also avoid any\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/what-is-an-attorney-conflict-of-interest-.html\">conflicts of interest<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In general, the attorney must assist the client throughout the case. This includes appearing on their behalf at trial and advising them of various courses of action. The attorney must\u00a0appear competent during\u00a0the trial to promote fairness in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-law-basics\/how-does-the-criminal-justice-system-work.html\">criminal justice system<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The right to counsel does not in and of itself guarantee a fair trial. The attorney&#8217;s performance must be adequate, and they must put in the appropriate time and effort to represent their client. This is known as the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment6\/annotation09.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">effective assistance of counsel<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>The Ineffective Assistance of Counsel<\/h2>\n<p>What if a defense attorney is ineffective during a criminal prosecution? They violate the defendant&#8217;s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/what-the-sixth-amendment-guarantees.html\">Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial<\/a>. In analyzing claims of ineffective counsel, the argument centers on whether the lawyer&#8217;s conduct so undermined the case that the trial cannot be relied upon as having produced a just result.<\/p>\n<p>In\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/466\/668.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Strickland v. Washington<\/i><\/a>\u00a0(1984), the U.S. Supreme Court clarified when a criminal defense attorney&#8217;s ineffective representation violates the Sixth Amendment. There, the Supreme Court established a test for determining such violations. Courts must judge these claims based on the \u201creasonably effective assistance&#8221; test. They must also consider all the surrounding circumstances.<\/p>\n<p>This means, in a criminal case, the defendant challenging their attorney&#8217;s assistance must show the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Their lawyer&#8217;s legal representation was so deficient that it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. In other words, the lawyer made errors so severe that they didn&#8217;t function as the counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.<\/li>\n<li>The deficient performance unfairly\u00a0prejudiced\u00a0the defense such that, but for the ineffective assistance of counsel, there is a reasonable probability the result of the case would have been different. That means the errors were so severe that they\u00a0deprived the defendant of a fair trial.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The defendant must prove both elements. If they cannot, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/sentencing.html\">conviction or sentence<\/a> cannot be said to result from a breakdown in the judicial process such that the result is unreliable.<\/p>\n<p>When courts review a lawyer&#8217;s advocacy, they&#8217;re deferential to the lawyer. In other words, courts are bound by a strong presumption that a lawyer&#8217;s conduct falls within the range of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/ethics-and-professional-responsibility.html\">reasonable professional assistance<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>As the court noted in\u00a0<i>Strickland<\/i>, the guide to whether assistance was effective or ineffective focuses on whether a fair trial occurred. Courts view the attorney&#8217;s challenged conduct through the attorney&#8217;s point of view when they made various decisions. So long as the attorney&#8217;s decisions were reasonable at the time, courts will\u00a0find their assistance was effective.<\/p>\n<h2>Common Claims of Inadequate Representation<\/h2>\n<p>Not every action or inaction is\u00a0a violation of a defendant&#8217;s right to adequate representation. But, some common claims would\u00a0prejudice a case in an unfair manner. These include an attorney&#8217;s failure to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Investigate a case<\/li>\n<li>Present supporting witnesses<\/li>\n<li>Interview or cross-examine witnesses<\/li>\n<li>Object to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/evidence-law.html\">harmful evidence<\/a> or statements<\/li>\n<li>Seek DNA or blood testing (where available)<\/li>\n<li>File timely <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/filing-a-lawsuit\/appealing-a-court-decision-or-judgment.html\">appeal(s)<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Determine if there is a\u00a0conflict of interest\u00a0in representing the defendant<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.innocenceproject.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Innocence_Project_IAC_Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a case involving burglary and sexual assault<\/a>, the defendant&#8217;s attorney decided not to perform a DNA test at trial due, in part, to its cost. On appeal, DNA tests were performed and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/dna-as-an-exoneration-tool.html\">provided exonerating evidence<\/a>. The court\u00a0reversed the conviction. It found that the trial attorney&#8217;s decision not to seek DNA testing constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.<\/p>\n<h2>Exercise Your Right to Adequate Counsel Today: Get a Second Opinion<\/h2>\n<p>Do you have concerns about your attorney&#8217;s representation? You can always get a second opinion from a different lawyer. Acting quickly to change course if needed may be essential to your case. Contact a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense lawyer<\/a>\u00a0near you today to\u00a0discuss your options and ensure you receive the best possible representation.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 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<span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-section-sidebar\"><div class=\"fl-editors-summary\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content\">\n                    <h2>Can I Solve This on My Own or Do I Need an Attorney?<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\">\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"fl-list-style-none\">\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    You have the right to request a new attorney or get a second legal opinion\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Complex criminal cases often require professional legal help\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    An attorney can help gather evidence and build a strong defense for your case\n\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n                <p>An experienced defense attorney can increase your chances of a favorable outcome in court. Many attorneys offer free consultations.<\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link fl-flex\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link\">\n                <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <p class=\"find-attorney\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/#USER_GEO\/?fli=esum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">If you need an attorney, find one right now<\/a><\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"email-subscription fl-mb30\">\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-header\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-content\">\n            <h3 class=\"fl-callout-sm fl-no-margin\">Stay Up-to-Date With How the Law Affects Your Life<\/h3>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-image fl-flex fl-items-end\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\"\n                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