{"id":352398,"date":"2023-11-28T16:18:32","date_gmt":"2023-11-28T21:18:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/u-s-constitution-fourth-amendment.html"},"modified":"2023-11-28T16:18:32","modified_gmt":"2023-11-28T21:18:32","slug":"u-s-constitution-fourth-amendment","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/u-s-constitution-fourth-amendment.html","title":{"rendered":"Fourth Amendment Protection Against Unreasonable Searches and Seizures"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Fourth Amendment Protection Against Unreasonable Searches and Seizures<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/samuel-strom-j-d\/\">Samuel Strom, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/rhonda-earhart-esq\/\">Rhonda Earhart, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            November 28, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects citizens&#8217; privacy. It guarantees the right to be free from unreasonable government intrusions into your person, home, business, and property. If the government performs an unreasonable search, it can be prohibited at trial from presenting the incriminating evidence seized during that search.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The law addressing governmental searches and seizures is both complicated and extensive. At\u00a0common law, the government could perform\u00a0warrantless searches. The Bill of Rights, including the Fourth Amendment, changed that. A\u00a0search warrant\u00a0is required in most cases.<\/p>\n<p>The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted and clarified the Fourth Amendment protection throughout American history. It has answered the following questions, among others:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When does a law enforcement officer&#8217;s search constitute an\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/illegal-search-and-seizure-faqs.html\">illegal search<\/a>?<\/li>\n<li>When must police officers comply with the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-warrant-requirement.html\">search warrant requirement<\/a>?<\/li>\n<li>When, if ever, are\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/can-the-police-legitimately-search-my-vehicle-without-a-warrant.html\">warrantless searches permitted<\/a>?<\/li>\n<li>What happens if the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-and-the-exclusionary-rule.html\">government illegally searches<\/a>\u00a0one&#8217;s property or person?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This article summarizes the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. If you are facing criminal charges, you can also contact an attorney in your area for targeted legal advice. A\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense attorney<\/a> can review the circumstances of any searches, seizures, or arrests to determine if they violated your Fourth Amendment rights. This can be crucial for your defense strategy.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>The Fourth Amendment&#8217;s Text<\/h2>\n<p><i>&#8220;The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.&#8221;<\/i><\/p>\n<h2>The Fourth Amendment Explained<\/h2>\n<p>The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment4.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourth Amendment<\/a>\u00a0to the U.S. Constitution protects against unreasonable governmental searches. This includes searches by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Police officers<\/li>\n<li>FBI agents<\/li>\n<li>State troopers<\/li>\n<li>Other law enforcement officials<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>But, the protection only applies if you have a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/what-is-the-reasonable-expectation-of-privacy-.html\">reasonable expectation of privacy<\/a>\u00a0in the place or subject searched.<\/p>\n<p>The Fourth Amendment doesn&#8217;t prevent all searches by government agents. The police can still search or seize when they have a valid search warrant, a valid arrest warrant, or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/probable-cause.html\">probable cause<\/a>\u00a0that a person committed a crime.<\/p>\n<p>An unreasonable search may occur in several different ways. For example, the search is likely illegal if the government does not get a valid search warrant. A search is also likely unlawful if the government does not have probable cause to believe that the person or place to be searched was involved in criminal activity. If the government oversteps the search warrant&#8217;s bounds, it is likely an unreasonable search.<\/p>\n<h2>Search Warrants and Probable Cause<\/h2>\n<p>The government typically performs a valid search after getting a search warrant. Although there are\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/searches-and-seizures-the-limitations-of-the-police.html\">exceptions to the search warrant requirement<\/a>, most searches require one.<\/p>\n<p>Law enforcement obtains a search warrant by requesting one from a judge or\u00a0magistrate. Law enforcement must typically file an\u00a0affidavit\u00a0establishing probable cause. To do so, they must show the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>That the police officer is aware of certain circumstances, facts, or knowledge, either personally or via a reasonably trustworthy source<\/li>\n<li>That a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/reasonable-person.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reasonable person<\/a>\u00a0aware of the facts, circumstances, or knowledge would believe a criminal offense had been committed or is about to occur<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The judge or magistrate will review the affidavit and analyze the situation. Then, they will either issue or deny the search warrant.<\/p>\n<p>The search warrant identifies the person or places the government may search. For example, it may specify the attic of the suspect&#8217;s home. It also determines the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-warrant-requirements.html\">search&#8217;s time and manner<\/a>. If law enforcement&#8217;s search goes beyond the warrant&#8217;s scope, it is likely an illegal search.<\/p>\n<h2>Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement<\/h2>\n<p>The government can perform valid\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-reasonableness-requirement.html\">warrantless arrests<\/a>, searches, and seizures in certain situations. These situations include the following, among others:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>With the owner&#8217;s\u00a0consent<\/li>\n<li>Under\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/when-the-fourth-amendment-applies.htmlmstances.html\">exigent circumstances<\/a><\/li>\n<li>During a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment4\/annotation06.html#arrest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">search incident to a lawful arrest<\/a><\/li>\n<li>During a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/what-is-stop-and-frisk-.html\">stop and frisk<\/a>, also known as a Terry stop, from<i>\u00a0<\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/392\/1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Terry v. Ohio<\/i><\/a>\u00a0(1968)<\/li>\n<li>Under the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/plain-view.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plain view<\/a>\u00a0exception<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Review the annotations below for more detailed information on exceptions to the warrant requirement. Alternatively, consider contacting a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense attorney<\/a>\u00a0near you.<\/p>\n<h2>The Exclusionary Rule<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-and-seizure-and-the-fourth-amendment.html\">Search and seizure rules<\/a>\u00a0generally determine whether evidence is admissible at trial. The criminal trial will bar any evidence collected in a manner that violates the Fourth Amendment. This is known as the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-and-the-exclusionary-rule.html\">exclusionary rule<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The colorfully named\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/fruit-of-the-poisonous-tree.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fruit of the poisonous tree<\/a>\u00a0doctrine also bars evidence from trial. The doctrine refers to the court&#8217;s\u00a0exclusion\u00a0of evidence the government derived from an illegal search.<\/p>\n<p>For example, suppose law enforcement searches a homeowner&#8217;s house without a valid warrant, and no exceptions apply. During the illegal search, law enforcement finds\u00a0contraband. They also find a computer containing the locations of various drugs and weapons. Suppose the police visit these locations and seize the drugs and weapons.<\/p>\n<p>At the criminal trial, the prosecution attempts to admit the contraband officers found at the defendant&#8217;s home, along with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/drug-dealing-and-drug-sales-charges.html\">drugs and weapons<\/a> they seized. Because the initial search of the home was illegal, the exclusionary rule bars the contraband&#8217;s admittance at trial. Additionally, the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine bars the court from admitting the drugs and weapons into evidence.<\/p>\n<h2>Fourth Amendment: Annotations and Articles<\/h2>\n<p>The following articles will help you better understand how the courts have interpreted the Fourth Amendment.<\/p>\n<h3>History and Scope of the Fourth Amendment<\/h3>\n<p>The Fourth Amendment has a rich history in United States\u00a0jurisprudence. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment4\/annotation01.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scope of the Rights Protected by the Fourth Amendment annotation<\/a>\u00a0provides information about this history. The article covers both pre- and post-American Revolution jurisprudence regarding searches and seizures. It also details the Fourth Amendment&#8217;s scope and the specific interests it protects. Further, it discusses the Fourth Amendment&#8217;s application to arrests and other\u00a0detentions and searches in noncriminal cases.<\/p>\n<p>For more context, see the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-and-seizure-and-the-fourth-amendment.html\">Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure Protections<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/text-of-the-fourth-amendment.html\">Summary of the Fourth Amendment<\/a>m<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/when-is-an-arrest-a-legal-arrest.html\">When Is an Arrest a Legal Arrest?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Learn more about the Fourth Amendment in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FindLaw&#8217;s U.S. Constitution section<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Searches and Seizures Pursuant to Warrant<\/h3>\n<p>A reasonable search typically requires probable cause or a valid warrant. FindLaw&#8217;s article\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment4\/annotation02.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourth Amendment Seizures of Property\u00a0<\/a>details search warrant requirements as they relate to specific industries subject to regular administrative searches. For more information about search warrants, see the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/probable-cause.html\">Probable Cause<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A neutral judge or magistrate determines whether to issue a search warrant. They based their decision, in part, on whether probable cause exists regarding criminal activity. Thus, it is important to understand the relationship between probable cause and search warrants.<\/p>\n<h3>The Warrant Requirement Explained<\/h3>\n<p>Understanding the search warrant requirement is crucial for criminal defendants.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment4\/annotation05.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Need for a Warrant to Conduct a Search or Seizure<\/a>\u00a0summarizes the warrant requirement. Specifically, it describes who can issue a warrant, how a judge determines probable cause, and the particularity requirement. For more information about the warrant requirement, see the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-warrant-requirements.html\">Search Warrant Requirements<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/when-the-fourth-amendment-applies.html\">When the Fourth Amendment Applies<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As noted above, the search warrant must specify the parameters of the search with particularity. If a court determines the warrant is insufficient, the search is illegal. However, the good faith exception may protect officers who believed the warrant was valid.<\/p>\n<h3>Probable Cause<\/h3>\n<p>At the heart of most searches and arrests is probable cause. The U.S. Supreme Court has wrestled with what constitutes probable cause many times in its history.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment4\/annotation04.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Supreme Court Interpretation of Probable Cause<\/a>\u00a0provides an in-depth summary of probable cause. Among other topics, this annotation covers probable cause established through private investigators. It also discusses the interplay between the First Amendment and probable cause.<\/p>\n<h3>Seizures of Persons Without a Warrant<\/h3>\n<p>Law enforcement must typically show probable cause and obtain an arrest warrant to arrest a person legally. The Fourth Amendment protects people from unreasonable searches and arrests alike.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment4\/annotation03.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourth Amendment Seizure of Persons<\/a>\u00a0discusses arrest warrants, search warrants, and some exceptions to the warrant requirement.<\/p>\n<h3>Valid Searches and Seizures Without a Warrant<\/h3>\n<p>There are numerous exceptions to the Fourth Amendment&#8217;s warrant requirement.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment4\/annotation06.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exceptions to the Fourth Amendment Warrant Requirement<\/a>\u00a0describes a number of these exceptions. It also details the Fourth Amendment&#8217;s application to law enforcement&#8217;s arrest of a person. For more information on the exceptions, see the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment4\/vehicle-searches-under-the-fourth-amendment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vehicle Searches Under the Fourth Amendment<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/what-is-stop-and-frisk-.html\">What Is Stop and Frisk?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"background-color: #ffffff;font-size: 0.8125rem\" href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/strip-search-after-an-arrest.html\">Strip Search After an Arrest<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/education\/school-safety\/school-searches-and-weapons.html\">School Searches and Weapons<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For more information on exceptions, browse\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights.html\">FindLaw&#8217;s Criminal Rights section<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Electronic Surveillance and the Fourth Amendment<\/h3>\n<p>The Founding Fathers could not anticipate the depth of technological advancements since the Constitution&#8217;s ratification. At its inception, the Fourth Amendment did not consider electronic surveillance, such as wiretaps. The Supreme Court has interpreted and applied the Fourth Amendment to situations where the government electronically surveilled a person or place. Generally, law enforcement must obtain a search warrant to surveil a subject electronically.<\/p>\n<p>For more information about these searches, see the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/277\/438.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Olmstead v. United States<\/i><\/a>\u00a0(1928)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/388\/41.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Berger v. New York<\/i><\/a>\u00a0(1967)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/389\/347.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Katz v. United States<\/i><\/a>\u00a0(1967)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/cell-phone-privacy-and-warrant-requirements.html\">Cellphone Privacy and Warrant Requirements<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/do-the-police-have-the-right-to-tap-my-telephone.html\">Do the Police Have the Right to Tap My Telephone?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As technology continues to advance, litigation will surely follow. The Supreme Court will certainly hear more Fourth Amendment cases tied to to changing technology. It is important to understand your privacy rights and whether you have a reasonable expectation of privacy.<\/p>\n<h3>Enforcing the Fourth Amendment: The Exclusionary Rule<\/h3>\n<p>As noted above, the exclusionary rule bars illegally obtained evidence from being admitted in a criminal trial.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment4\/the-exclusionary-rule--how-fourth-amendment-violations-can-lead-.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Exclusionary Rule: How Fourth Amendment Violations Can Lead to Tossed Evidence<\/a>\u00a0describes the Fourth Amendment&#8217;s exclusionary rule in depth.<\/p>\n<p>Specifically, it details the rule&#8217;s development, foundations, and its narrowing application. For more information about the exclusionary rule and fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine, see the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a style=\"background-color: #ffffff;font-size: 0.8125rem\" href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-and-the-exclusionary-rule.html\">The Fourth Amendment and the Exclusionary Rule<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Learn More About the Fourth Amendment by Talking to a Lawyer<\/h2>\n<p>The Fourth Amendment is packed with rights and protections. To learn more about your rights or to get help fighting criminal charges, contact a skilled <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense attorney<\/a> in your area today. An experienced attorney can help you with the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>General information about criminal law and criminal cases<\/li>\n<li>Your individual rights granted by the U.S. Constitution<\/li>\n<li>Whether the government&#8217;s seizure of evidence of a crime was legal<\/li>\n<li>State laws affecting your criminal case<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you are involved in a criminal case or believe the government illegally searched your person or property, consider contacting a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense lawyer<\/a>\u00a0near you.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this 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was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Easy to understand\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                        >Easy to understand<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Solved my problem\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                        >Solved my problem<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--negative\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this not helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n                        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                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class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                        >Out of date<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n              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             aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-section-sidebar\"><div class=\"fl-editors-summary\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content\">\n                    <h2>Can I Solve This on My Own or Do I Need an Attorney?<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\">\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"fl-list-style-none\">\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    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<p>Working with an experienced attorney can increase your chances of success in court. Many attorneys offer free consultations.<\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link fl-flex\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link\">\n                <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <p class=\"find-attorney\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/#USER_GEO\/?fli=esum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">If you need an attorney, find one right now<\/a><\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"email-subscription fl-mb30\">\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-header\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-content\">\n            <h3 class=\"fl-callout-sm fl-no-margin\">Stay Up-to-Date With How the Law Affects Your Life<\/h3>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-image fl-flex fl-items-end\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\"\n                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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>FindLaw&#8217;s Criminal Rights section summarizes the Fourth Amendment, which protects citizens against unreasonable governmental searches and seizures.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41135,"featured_media":0,"parent":352345,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticleWithBreadcrumbsController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_autodraft_ids":[],"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_sb_is_suggestion_mode":false,"_sb_show_suggestion_boards":false,"_sb_show_comment_boards":false,"_sb_suggestion_history":"","_sb_update_block_changes":"","_is_real_time_mode":false,"_realtime_collaborators":"","footnotes":"","cf_checklist_status":[]},"categories":[2729],"tags":[],"state_laws_tags":[],"flmsa":[],"class_list":["post-352398","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-criminal"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352398","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/41135"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=352398"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352398\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":389062,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352398\/revisions\/389062"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352345"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=352398"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=352398"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=352398"},{"taxonomy":"state_laws_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/state_laws_tags?post=352398"},{"taxonomy":"flmsa","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/flmsa?post=352398"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}