{"id":352408,"date":"2023-12-03T00:47:35","date_gmt":"2023-12-03T05:47:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/when-is-an-arrest-a-legal-arrest.html"},"modified":"2023-12-03T00:47:35","modified_gmt":"2023-12-03T05:47:35","slug":"when-is-an-arrest-a-legal-arrest","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/when-is-an-arrest-a-legal-arrest.html","title":{"rendered":"When Is an Arrest a Legal Arrest?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">When Is an Arrest a Legal Arrest?<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/samuel-strom-j-d\/\">Samuel Strom, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/rhonda-earhart-esq\/\">Rhonda Earhart, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            December 03, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>For an arrest to be legal, it must be based on either the officer witnessing a crime, having probable cause, or possessing a valid arrest warrant. Probable cause is a key element, requiring sufficient evidence to believe the person committed a crime. This balances law enforcement duties with citizens&#8217; rights.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n<p>The U.S. Constitution protects&nbsp;<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">against unreasonable searches and seizures and ensures arrests are conducted lawfully. If an officer makes an arrest without probable cause, the arrestee has the&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\">right to challenge it in court,<\/a>&nbsp;which<\/span>&nbsp;can potentially lead to a release from custody.<\/p>\r\n<p>It&#8217;s natural to feel nervous during an encounter with the police. Many people are unsure what to say and afraid of saying or doing the wrong thing. If you or a loved one was arrested and you believe the arrest was unlawful, legal help is available. A&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense attorney<\/a> in your area can review the circumstances of your arrest and determine if it violated your constitutional rights.<\/p>\r\n<p>This article explains what it means for police officers to arrest someone. Specifically, it covers:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>What an arrest is<\/li>\r\n<li>When an arrest occurs<\/li>\r\n<li>The requirements for a legal arrest<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>What Is an Arrest?<\/h2>\r\n<p>Generally, an&nbsp;arrest&nbsp;occurs when someone in authority restrains or&nbsp;seizes&nbsp;someone in connection with a crime. Typically, it involves a police officer restraining someone such that a&nbsp;reasonable person&nbsp;would believe they were not free to leave, given the circumstances. Therefore, if someone acting under legal authority restrains your freedom of action, they have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/chronology-the-arrest-process.html\">likely arrested you<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Generally, there are&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/arrest.html\">three ways<\/a>&nbsp;law enforcement can legally arrest a person. These include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>A law enforcement officer personally observes a person commit a crime<\/li>\r\n<li>A law enforcement officer has probable cause to believe a person committed or is about to commit a crime<\/li>\r\n<li>Law enforcement obtains a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-warrant-requirement.html\">valid arrest warrant<\/a> to arrest a person<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>The above definition of an arrest raises many questions. Keep reading for answers.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Why Does It Matter Whether an Arrest Has Occurred?<\/h3>\r\n<p>Determining when law enforcement arrests a suspect is important for several reasons. The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Constitution<\/a>&nbsp;grants fundamental rights to arrestees. Generally, these rights only take effect once law enforcement arrests someone.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment4.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourth Amendment<\/a>&nbsp;provides fundamental rights to arrestees. For example, once an arrest occurs, a law enforcement officer may perform a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-warrant-requirement.html\">search incident to the arrest<\/a>. Additionally, a court may&nbsp;exclude&nbsp;from the arrestee&#8217;s&nbsp;criminal case&nbsp;evidence seized in violation of the&nbsp;Fourth Amendment.<\/li>\r\n<li>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment5.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fifth Amendment<\/a>&nbsp;provides suspects the right against&nbsp;self-incrimination&nbsp;and the right to counsel during a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/judicial-proceedings-and-custodial-interrogation.html\">custodial interrogation<\/a>. Before police can begin their custodial interrogation of a suspect, they must apprise the suspect of these rights. They do so by reading the suspect their&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/miranda-warnings-and-police-questioning.html\">Miranda rights<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<li>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment6.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sixth Amendment<\/a>&nbsp;provides the&nbsp;right to counsel during a criminal case. The court will appoint a&nbsp;public defender&nbsp;if the defendant cannot&nbsp;afford an attorney.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>A criminal suspect&#8217;s constitutional rights are perhaps the most essential rights within the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-law-basics\/how-does-the-criminal-justice-system-work.html\">criminal justice system<\/a>. These rights typically don&#8217;t apply until the government arrests the suspect. Therefore, it is critical to understand when someone is under arrest rather than just stopped by the police.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Is a Police Detention an Arrest?<\/h3>\r\n<p>No, police&nbsp;detention&nbsp;is not necessarily an arrest. But if the police&nbsp;detain&nbsp;you, they may gather enough evidence during the detention to arrest you.<\/p>\r\n<p>Generally, police detention refers to when police stop a person and inform them they cannot leave. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/helpful-hints-for-individuals-suspected-of-criminal-activity.html\">A stop is not necessarily an arrest<\/a>. Instead, a stop may lead to an arrest. The stop itself, though, is not an arrest.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Can a Police Stop Lead to an Arrest?<\/h3>\r\n<p>Yes, a police stop can lead to an arrest. Nothing prevents a police officer from speaking to a person under ordinary circumstances. The law allows police to ask you questions. <\/p>\r\n<p>But suppose a person is uncomfortable answering. What are their obligations? Do they have to answer? Can they walk away?<\/p>\r\n<p>A person is generally not required to answer police questions. They can decline to answer and ask to leave. Often, police question a person and release them.<\/p>\r\n<p>Generally, if the police officer says a person cannot leave, they have been detained<i>.<\/i>&nbsp;The police may detain a person in a public or private area if they have&nbsp;reasonable suspicion&nbsp;to believe that person has been involved in a crime. But at that point, law enforcement has not arrested them.<\/p>\r\n<p>During the detention, the police may look for&nbsp;evidence&nbsp;that would give them&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/probable-cause.html\">probable cause<\/a>&nbsp;to make an arrest. If, as a result of questioning, the police believe a suspect may be involved in a crime, they may choose to&nbsp;arrest&nbsp;them. They must state the arrestee&#8217;s charges and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/miranda-rights-and-the-fifth-amendment.html\">read their rights<\/a>&nbsp;if they decide to arrest. If they do not read the arrestee their rights and continue to question them while they are under arrest, their statements may be excluded from trial.<\/p>\r\n<p>An arrest occurs when a law enforcement officer restricts a person&#8217;s freedom of action. Typically, this involves taking the suspect <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/booking.html\">into&nbsp;police custody<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Who Can Make a Legal Arrest?<\/h2>\r\n<p>Police officers can make an arrest if they have an&nbsp;arrest warrant. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-warrant-requirement.html\">warrant requirement<\/a>&nbsp;<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">generally applies to any arrest, though there are&nbsp;exceptions<\/span>. In general, the police may arrest without a warrant if they have probable cause that the suspect committed a&nbsp;felony.<\/p>\r\n<p>Sometimes, a private citizen can make an arrest. When and how it is allowed varies by state law. For example,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/mn\/criminal-procedure-peace-officers-privacy-of-communications-ch-625-634\/mn-st-sect-629-37.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Minnesota law<\/a>&nbsp;allows a private person to arrest another:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>For a public offense committed or attempted in the arresting person&#8217;s presence<\/li>\r\n<li>When the person arrested has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-law-basics\/felonies.html\">committed a felony<\/a>, although not in the arresting person&#8217;s presence<\/li>\r\n<li>When a felony has been committed, and the arresting person has reasonable cause for believing the person arrested to have committed it<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Therefore, the arrestor does not necessarily need to be affiliated with a law enforcement agency to make a valid arrest.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Arrest Warrants<\/h2>\r\n<p>An arrest warrant is a court order authorizing law enforcement to arrest someone. Law enforcement must obtain a warrant from a neutral&nbsp;judge&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/magistrate.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">magistrate<\/a>. The warrant must be based on a showing of probable cause.<\/p>\r\n<h2>What Is Probable Cause for an Arrest?<\/h2>\r\n<p>The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution requires that the police have&nbsp;probable cause&nbsp;before they arrest someone or search and seize their property. The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/u-s-constitution-fourth-amendment.html\">Fourth Amendment<\/a>&nbsp;states:<\/p>\r\n<p>&quot;The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.&quot;<\/p>\r\n<p>Probable cause is based on factual evidence, not suspicions or hunches. Law enforcement may show probable cause using the following:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Observation alone (sight, smell, sound): This includes not only observed evidence of a crime but also observations of a familiar pattern of criminal activity, such as when an officer sees a car circling an area repeatedly or when someone is flashing their headlights.<\/li>\r\n<li>Witnesses, victims, and informants<\/li>\r\n<li>Police expertise, training, and experience: For example, a police officer may recognize gang signs, the tools used for committing certain crimes, or movements and gestures that indicate criminal activity<\/li>\r\n<li>The collective knowledge of police: For example, an arresting officer may know of evidence their colleagues or agency collected<\/li>\r\n<li>Circumstantial evidence that indirectly indicates that a crime has occurred, such as a broken window<\/li>\r\n<li>Reasonable inferences that can be drawn from the available evidence<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>There may be other ways a police officer can obtain probable cause. Once the police officer believes they can show probable cause, they try to obtain an arrest warrant from a judge.<\/p>\r\n<p>The judge will deny the warrant if they do not believe probable cause exists. If the judge determines probable cause exists, they may issue the arrest warrant. In that case, the police may take the suspect into custody and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/arrest.html\">arrest them<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Who Decides Whether an Officer Had Probable Cause?<\/h2>\r\n<p>Probable cause is a crucial&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/what-procedures-must-the-police-follow-while-making-an-arrest.html\">element of police procedure<\/a>.&nbsp;When the police ask a judge for an arrest warrant, the judge first determines whether their evidence is sufficient to give probable cause that the warrant&#8217;s subject committed a crime.<\/p>\r\n<p>In the case of a warrantless arrest, a judge, justice of the peace, or bail commissioner will subsequently rule on whether probable cause for the arrest existed. An officer could have a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/the-fourth-amendment-reasonableness-requirement.html\">reasonable good faith belief<\/a>&nbsp;that they had probable cause, but a judge could later determine that there was, in fact, no probable cause.<\/p>\r\n<p>An arrestee can challenge an arrest for a lack of probable cause. If they prevail, the court may release the suspect from custody.<\/p>\r\n<h2>How Much Evidence Is Needed to Establish Probable Cause?<\/h2>\r\n<p>Determining whether evidence meets the standard of probable cause is more art than science. Whether it exists depends heavily on the circumstances.<\/p>\r\n<p>It may best be understood by what it is not. Probable cause is less than a&nbsp;preponderance of the evidence&nbsp;\u2014 a standard used to prove certain facts in court \u2014 but more than a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/reasonable-suspicion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reasonable suspicion<\/a>&nbsp;based on objective facts. There must be some evidence to support a determination of probable cause; it cannot be based on a hunch.<\/p>\r\n<p>The probable cause standard allows judges to balance law enforcement&#8217;s responsibility to protect citizens from crime against citizens&#8217; rights not to be harassed by the police.<\/p>\r\n<p>A judge determines whether probable cause exists by:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Examining the facts presented and any reasonable inferences that can be drawn from those facts<\/li>\r\n<li>Based upon the totality of the circumstances<\/li>\r\n<li>Under the auspices of common sense<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>The sum of this must amount to a fair probability that the suspect committed a crime and that the arrested person is the one who <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/view-all-criminal-charges.html\">committed the crime<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Was Your Arrest Legal? Get Help From an Attorney<\/h2>\r\n<p>If you or someone you know has been arrested, time is of the essence. You may be able to fight the constitutionality of your arrest on the grounds of probable cause. Talk to an experienced&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense attorney<\/a>&nbsp;in your area. A criminal defense lawyer can provide helpful legal advice regarding the following:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Defense and litigation strategy for your&nbsp;criminal charges, whether they are&nbsp;felony&nbsp;or&nbsp;misdemeanor&nbsp;charges<\/li>\r\n<li>General information about&nbsp;criminal law&nbsp;and your pending criminal offenses, such as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/domestic-violence.html\">domestic violence<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li>Different stages of the&nbsp;criminal justice system, such as&nbsp;arraignment&nbsp;hearings,&nbsp;grand jury&nbsp;proceedings, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/plea-bargain.html\">plea bargains<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li>How to prepare for an upcoming court appearance for a traffic violation or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/dui.html\">DUI<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li>Criminal rights, such as the right to a&nbsp;speedy trial, which occurs within a reasonable time and without unnecessary delay<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>If you are facing jail time or the government will file charges against you, do not delay contacting a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense attorney<\/a> near you.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" 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<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>FindLaw&#8217;s Criminal Rights section details when law enforcement makes a legal arrest and why it&#8217;s important to understand when an arrest has been made.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41135,"featured_media":0,"parent":352345,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticleWithBreadcrumbsController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_autodraft_ids":[],"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_sb_is_suggestion_mode":false,"_sb_show_suggestion_boards":false,"_sb_show_comment_boards":false,"_sb_suggestion_history":"","_sb_update_block_changes":"","_is_real_time_mode":false,"_realtime_collaborators":"","footnotes":"","cf_checklist_status":[]},"categories":[2729],"tags":[],"state_laws_tags":[],"flmsa":[],"class_list":["post-352408","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-criminal"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352408","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/41135"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=352408"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352408\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/352345"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=352408"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=352408"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=352408"},{"taxonomy":"state_laws_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/state_laws_tags?post=352408"},{"taxonomy":"flmsa","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/flmsa?post=352408"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}