{"id":352430,"date":"2023-12-14T11:08:00","date_gmt":"2023-12-14T16:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/criminal\/juvenile-justice\/minor-crime-is-a-major-ordeal.html"},"modified":"2024-06-07T10:08:00","modified_gmt":"2024-06-07T15:08:00","slug":"minor-crime-is-a-major-ordeal","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/juvenile-justice\/minor-crime-is-a-major-ordeal.html","title":{"rendered":"The Juvenile Justice System: Introduction"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">The Juvenile Justice System: Introduction<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/susan-buckner-j-d\/\">Susan Buckner, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/rhonda-earhart-esq\/\">Rhonda Earhart, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            June 07, 2024\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>When a minor breaks the law, the justice system wants to see accountability for their crime. At the same time, people under 18 years of age aren&#8217;t adults and may not understand the nature and outcomes of their actions. The juvenile justice system attempts to balance criminal penalities with rehabilitation.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n<p>The&nbsp;juvenile courts differ&nbsp;from the adult criminal justice system in some significant ways. Juveniles have a separate set of laws for many crimes and have different sentencing guidelines. Minors who commit misdemeanor offenses can correct their behavior rather than face punishment. Despite occasional public outcries to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/juvenile-justice\/juvenile-waiver-transfer-to-adult-court.html\">try serious juvenile offenders as adults<\/a>, this is the typical process for juvenile court.<\/p>\n<p>Having your child involved in the juvenile justice system can be scary and overwhelming. Contact a local <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal law attorney<\/a> for help navigating this sytem and protecting your child&#8217;s rights.<\/p>\n<p>This article introduces you to the juvenile justice system. Learn about:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How states differ in defining a minor&#8217;s age<\/li>\n<li>The different types of minor offenses<\/li>\n<li>The basics of juvenile court<\/li>\n<li>Legal protections afforded to minor offenders<\/li>\n<li>And more<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Legally Defining a Minor&#8217;s Age<\/h2>\n<p>Under the <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/common-law.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English common law<\/a>, courts could not prosecute children under seven. They were&nbsp;innocent&nbsp;in the Biblical sense of the word. As of 2023,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.njjn.org\/our-work\/raising-the-minimum-age-for-prosecuting-children\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 states<\/a>&nbsp;have no minimum age for arresting a juvenile.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.njjn.org\/article\/focusing-on-racial-justice-and-systemic-reform-helped-advocates-raise-the-minimum-age-in-maryland-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maryland<\/a>&nbsp;became one of the most recent states to implement a minimum age requirement and set it at age 13.<\/p>\n<p>Most people consider juveniles between the ages of seven and 15 or 16 to be children.&nbsp;These defendants need a juvenile court unless they commit a grave crime, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/homicide-definition.html\">homicide<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/sexual-assault-overview.html\">sexual assault<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Courts view children of high school age (over 16 or 17) as adults, depending on the state. The exception is Vermont, which raised the maximum age for a person to be tried in the juvenile justice system to 18 in 2020.<\/p>\n<p>These individuals go to the adult justice system unless there are other factors, such as a history of mental health issues or child abuse.<\/p>\n<h2>Status Crimes: Definition and Basics<\/h2>\n<p>One unique facet of juvenile court is juvenile crime, or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/juvenile-justice\/juveniles-and-age-status-offenses.html\">status crime<\/a>.&nbsp;A status crime is any offense that would be legal if an adult did it but is illegal because of the offender&#8217;s age. Truancy, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/juvenile-justice\/mip-a-minor-in-possession.html\">possession of alcohol<\/a>, and curfew violations are all status crimes.<\/p>\n<p>Status crimes are often justified as public safety needs or protecting children from their actions. If improperly handled, they can create an unneeded arrest, and a conviction could result in a criminal record. Almost&nbsp;all states still have truancy and curfew laws on the books, although enforcement is waning.<\/p>\n<h2>Arrest and Detention of Juveniles<\/h2>\n<p>Just like adults, children have certain rights when detained by police. Often, juveniles are much less likely to know their rights than most adults.<\/p>\n<p>Police officers do not have to call parents before they <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/juvenile-justice\/police-questioning-of-minors.html\">question a child<\/a>, no matter how young the child is. They do not have to tell the parents the child is in their custody. A juvenile must ask to call a lawyer or their parents.<\/p>\n<p>States may have their own laws about juvenile arrest and detention. For instance, New York does require police to contact the parents before interrogation.<\/p>\n<h2>Interrogations: Voluntary vs. Coerced Statements<\/h2>\n<p>In most states, the judge must determine whether a child&#8217;s statement was voluntary or coerced. Factors taken into account will include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>The child&#8217;s age, education, and intelligence<\/b>:&nbsp;A very young child is more likely to answer honestly without prompting but also more likely to be afraid to make the police officer angry.<\/li>\n<li><b>The child&#8217;s emotional status at the time of interrogation<\/b>:&nbsp;A statement from a child crying and asking for their parents is more indicative of coercion than one from a child who is calm and answering clearly.<\/li>\n<li><b>If the child had any prior experience in the criminal justice system. If so, how much experience?<\/b>:&nbsp;Children who are chronic delinquents or who are in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/foster-care.html\">foster care system<\/a> are more familiar with how law enforcement works.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Pre-Trial Release for Juveniles<\/h2>\n<p>A minor does not have to go to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/juvenile-justice\/juvenile-court-procedure.html\">juvenile detention<\/a>&nbsp;once charged. Police and law enforcement agencies have considerable discretion in dealing with young offenders.<\/p>\n<p>The decision to press charges is up to the district attorney, but several things can happen before that. During the first encounter with law enforcement officers:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Police may release the minor after questioning<\/li>\n<li>If the parents are unavailable or unfit, police may refer the minor to Child Protective Services for possible placement into the foster care system<\/li>\n<li>Police may place the minor in custody and take them to a juvenile facility, such as a juvenile hall<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Once the minor is in custody, a juvenile court officer (often&nbsp;a juvenile probation officer) will evaluate the case to determine what charges are appropriate. In some cases, the officer may decline to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/juvenile-justice\/what-to-expect-juvenile-court-chronology.html\">charge the minor.<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Juvenile Diversion Instead of Court&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<p>Some states allow the child to bypass the court altogether and handle the entire case through a process known as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/juvenile-justice\/juveniles-and-age-status-offenses.html\">diversion<\/a>.&nbsp;A diverted child may agree to perform community service, participate in counseling, or pay restitution without even seeing a judge.<\/p>\n<p>Diversion is typically offered to juveniles accused of low-level crimes or status offenses who have not previously faced charges in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/juvenile-justice\/juvenile-court-procedure.html\">juvenile court system<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Juvenile Criminal Court: Factors Considered in the Case<\/h2>\n<p>In juvenile court, the court officers have options unavailable to judges in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/juvenile-justice\/how-do-juvenile-proceedings-differ-from-adult-criminal-proceeding.html\">adult criminal system<\/a>. For many young first-time offenders, juvenile court officers avoid formal criminal charges in favor of restorative justice. Rather than punishment, a judge may craft a sentence that fits the young offender&#8217;s crime.<\/p>\n<p>For instance, vandals who spray-painted a shop might need to perform <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/court-ordered-community-service.html\">community service<\/a> and repaint the store and others on the block. Other remedies include drug or mental health counseling, repayment for theft or property damage, probation, and house arrest.<\/p>\n<p>These are criminal cases, and the courts take them seriously. But, judges consider factors other than guilt or innocence when deciding these sentences.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The seriousness of the crime and the degree of participation<\/li>\n<li>The minor&#8217;s chronological and emotional age<\/li>\n<li>The minor&#8217;s ability to accept responsibility for their action and their attitude towards the proceedings<\/li>\n<li>The amount of control the parents have over the minor&#8217;s actions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Juvenile Criminal Court: Process<\/h2>\n<p>One of two things can happen if a minor is charged with a serious crime. If the offense is a violent felony, such as homicide, rape, or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/robbery-overview.html\">armed robbery<\/a>, judges may transfer juveniles to adult court. This is a process called&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/juvenile-justice\/juvenile-waiver-transfer-to-adult-court.html\">waiver<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Otherwise, the trial proceeds through the juvenile court. The juvenile court process is a less formal process than adult court.<\/p>\n<h2>Juvenile Criminal Court: Initial Hearing<\/h2>\n<p>In some states and jurisdictions, juvenile court uses different terminology. The initial hearing may be called a status&nbsp;conference, an intake, or a petition.<\/p>\n<p>In all these, the judge or hearings officer advises the juvenile of the charges and hears motions for settlement or transfer. If a motion for a waiver is filed, the judge sets a date for a transfer hearing.<\/p>\n<h2>Juvenile Criminal Court: Trial and Adjunction<\/h2>\n<p>If the juvenile decides to plead not guilty to some or all of the charges, the case will go to trial.<\/p>\n<p>The result of a trial is appropriately called an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/juvenile-justice\/what-to-expect-juvenile-court-chronology.html\">adjudication<\/a>. What is referred to as a sentencing hearing in adult court is a disposition hearing in juvenile court. A juvenile does not have a jury trial. Instead, the judge reviews the evidence and decides whether or not the defendant is guilty.<\/p>\n<h2>Juvenile Criminal Court: Correctional Facilities&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<p>In most states, children go to a juvenile facility, although some states have a young section in their adult correctional facilities. The&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.juvjustice.org\/federal-policy\/juvenile-justice-and-delinquency-prevention-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act<\/a>&nbsp;(JJDPA) requires juveniles in adult facilities to reside&nbsp;out of sight and sound&nbsp;of adult inmates.<\/p>\n<h2>Juvenile Offenders Exiting the System<\/h2>\n<p>In the past, juvenile offenders&#8217; records were automatically <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/expungement\/what-s-the-difference-between-expunged-vs--sealed-records-.html\">sealed<\/a> when they turned 18. This is no longer the case. Court records of severe offenses can follow a juvenile offender even after they complete their sentence or probation, just as they do for adult offenders.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/expungement\/expungement-basics.html\">Expungement<\/a> is easier for juvenile records than for most adult records. Juveniles and their families should <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/juvenile-justice\/questionnaire-choosing-a-juvenile-defense-attorney.html\">speak with an attorney<\/a> immediately to have the records sealed when the minor has finished their sentence.<\/p>\n<p>As with adult crimes, sexual abuse, some drug crimes, and some domestic violence crimes cannot be deleted. You should speak to a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal law attorney<\/a> about expungement in your state.<\/p>\n<h2>Get an Attorney&#8217;s Help Navigating the Juvenile Justice System<\/h2>\n<p>The courts treat delinquent acts just as seriously as any other crime. If your minor child is under arrest for any criminal act, you need a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/criminal-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal defense attorney<\/a>&nbsp;in your area. A lawyer can help ensure the best outcome for you and your child.<\/p>\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n          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<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Offenders who haven&#8217;t reached the age of majority (18 in most states) go through the juvenile justice system instead of adult court. 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