{"id":352863,"date":"2022-08-19T07:42:50","date_gmt":"2022-08-19T12:42:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/immigration\/visas\/basic-elements-of-the-border-entry-rules.html"},"modified":"2026-06-02T09:30:00","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T14:30:00","slug":"basic-elements-of-the-border-entry-rules","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/immigration\/visas\/basic-elements-of-the-border-entry-rules.html","title":{"rendered":"U.S. Border Entry Laws and Regulations"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">U.S. Border Entry Laws and Regulations<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/eric-harvey-j-d\/\">Eric Harvey, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/meagan-neil-esq\/\">Meagan Neil, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            June 02, 2026\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>Crossing the U.S. border has become more complex since 9\/11, with stricter security measures, longer processing times, and tighter documentation requirements for citizens, residents, and <span data-term-id=\"58968832\">international visitors<\/span>. Travelers must now follow enhanced identification rules and comply with programs like the <span data-term-id=\"58968822\">Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative<\/span> and <span data-term-id=\"58968803\">CBP<\/span>\u2019s <span data-term-id=\"58968806\">Trusted Traveler Programs<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In the wake of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the United States\u00a0border entry rules\u00a0became stricter. Immigration policies did the same.<\/p>\n<p>As a consequence of anxieties about terrorism, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/immigration\/immigration-overview.html\">illegal immigration<\/a> became a much bigger concern in the United States. Even legal immigration became harder. New policies concerning visa applications, naturalization, and asylum seekers went into effect.<\/p>\n<p>This article highlights basic border entry rules. It addresses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How 9\/11 impacted border crossing laws today<\/li>\n<li>Border crossings by <span data-term-id=\"58968804\">U.S. citizens<\/span> and legal permanent residents<\/li>\n<li>Border crossing rules that affect <span data-term-id=\"58968817\">green card<\/span> holders<\/li>\n<li>Policies that affect citizens of Canada, Mexico, Bermuda, and visitors from other countries.<\/li>\n<li><span data-term-id=\"58968807\">U.S. Customs and Border Protection<\/span>\u2019s (<span data-term-id=\"58968803\">CBP<\/span>) <span data-term-id=\"58968806\">Trusted Traveler Programs<\/span> for low-risk visitors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"58968816\">Border security<\/span> policies shift and enforcement varies. Understanding the current border regulations can help prevent delays or complications at <span data-term-id=\"58968802\">ports of entry<\/span>. Talk to an <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/immigration-naturalization-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">immigration attorney<\/a> near you for targeted, up-to-date legal information.<\/p>\n<h2>Crossing the Border Post 9\/11<\/h2>\n<p>Federal agencies, most notably the <span data-term-id=\"58968815\">Department of Homeland Security<\/span> (<span data-term-id=\"58968814\">DHS<\/span>) and its <span data-term-id=\"58968807\">U.S. Customs and Border Protection<\/span> (<span data-term-id=\"58968803\">CBP<\/span>) division, are tasked with balancing the need for <span data-term-id=\"58968816\">border security<\/span> with the desire for an efficient and welcoming border entry system.<\/p>\n<p>Under the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/immigration\/immigration-laws-and-resources\/basic-immigration-laws.html\">Immigration and Nationality Act<\/a> (INA), the U.S. immigration system had once been easier to navigate. But in the post-9\/11 world, the U.S. was no longer as accommodating for those crossing the border as it once was. Wait times for visa issuances grew longer. Even foreign students experienced delays in obtaining student visas. In general, migrants and noncitizens faced far more obstacles in determining eligibility for visas and entering the United States.<\/p>\n<p>U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) experienced greater backlogs of visa applications. The same was and remains true for citizenship applications. It was no longer as easy to obtain citizenship for employment-based reasons. It was even harder to obtain a <span data-term-id=\"58968817\">green card<\/span>. Even <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/immigration\/visas\/temporary-worker-visas.html\">temporary workers<\/a> struggled to enter the U.S.<\/p>\n<p>Those who already had a <span data-term-id=\"58968804\">U.S. citizen<\/span> family member had once received priority in the citizenship application process. This once meant shorter wait times for citizenship for people who met this criterion. However, in the post-9\/11 world, this was no longer the case. Across the board, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/immigration\/citizenship\/the-basics-of-naturalization.html\">naturalization process<\/a> became more difficult. Along with many other government departments, the <span data-term-id=\"58968834\">U.S. Department of State<\/span> instituted far stricter policies at the consular and USCIS levels.<\/p>\n<p>The new policies were expansive. <span data-term-id=\"58968804\">U.S. citizens<\/span> have always needed to present a <span data-term-id=\"58968813\">valid passport<\/span> when crossing the U.S. border by air or land. This did not change after 9\/11. But those with U.S. residency and legal permanent residents often faced greater suspicion when attempting to move through U.S. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/immigration\/immigration-overview\/immigration-glossary-and-acronyms.html\"><span data-term-id=\"58968802\">ports of entry<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>However, they also needed to provide appropriate travel documentation. This has always been true. Visitors from other countries found it harder to travel to the United States. It is also true that those crossing the U.S. border by land or sea have not always been required to present a passport or other documentation.<\/p>\n<p>But in the wake of 9\/11, policies were stricter. More and different documentation became required. This depended on factors like country of origin and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/immigration.html\">immigration status<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span data-term-id=\"58968804\">U.S. Citizens<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>All <span data-term-id=\"58968804\">U.S. citizens<\/span> traveling by air for international travel must present a passport or other approved <span data-term-id=\"58968805\">travel document<\/span>. Some qualifying documents include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>U.S. military ID with travel orders<\/li>\n<li>U.S. Merchant Mariner document when travel is on official business<\/li>\n<li>NEXUS card under the <span data-term-id=\"58968806\">trusted traveler program<\/span> where the <span data-term-id=\"58968802\">port-of-entry<\/span> permits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"58968804\">U.S. citizens<\/span> returning by land or sea must present a passport or document that complies with the <span data-term-id=\"58968822\">Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative<\/span> (<span data-term-id=\"58968833\">WHTI<\/span>) restrictions, such as a NEXUS card. A NEXUS Card is a preapproved card for low-risk travelers. It helps speed up the border entry between the United States and Canada.<\/p>\n<p>Also, Congress passed the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dhs.gov\/real-id\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">REAL ID Act<\/a>, which took effect on May 7, 2025. This law requires every traveler 18 and older to present an acceptable form of ID when flying domestically within the United States. Because of changing rules, it is crucial to stay up to date on travel advisories and changes in immigration law.<\/p>\n<h2><span data-term-id=\"58968820\">Lawful Permanent Residents<\/span> (<span data-term-id=\"58968817\">Green Card<\/span> Holders)<\/h2>\n<p>As with <span data-term-id=\"58968804\">U.S. citizens<\/span>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/immigration\/visas\/immigrants-your-rights-as-a-permanent-resident.html\"><span data-term-id=\"58968820\">lawful permanent residents<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(LPRs) must also present a passport or secure <span data-term-id=\"58968805\">travel document<\/span> when entering the U.S. by air. When crossing the border by land or sea, LPRs may present their <span data-term-id=\"58968829\">Permanent Resident Card<\/span> (Form I-551).<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Different rules may apply for LPRs waiting for their <span data-term-id=\"58968817\">green card<\/span>. For instance, <span data-term-id=\"58968817\">green card<\/span> applicants planning to stay outside the United States or travel to their home country should also get an\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbp.gov\/travel\/us-citizens\/advance-parole\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Advance Parole Document<\/a>. This document should be secured to avoid issues with abandonment of residency.<\/p>\n<h2>Citizens of Canada, Mexico, and Bermuda<\/h2>\n<p>Special rules apply to Canadian, Mexican, and Bermudian citizens crossing the U.S. border as part of the <span data-term-id=\"58968833\">WHTI<\/span>. All <span data-term-id=\"58968832\">international visitors<\/span> must present a passport or secure <span data-term-id=\"58968805\">travel document<\/span> when entering the country by air. They must do so regardless of their country of origin.<\/p>\n<p>Some acceptable documents include <span data-term-id=\"58968811\">SENTRI<\/span>, FAST, NEXUS, <span data-term-id=\"58968830\">Enhanced Driver\u2019s License<\/span>, and <span data-term-id=\"58968812\">Global Entry<\/span> Cards. Most of the documents are part of the <span data-term-id=\"58968806\">Trusted Traveler Programs<\/span>. These are designed to speed border crossing, reducing wait times.<\/p>\n<p>See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbp.gov\/border-security\/along-us-borders\/smart-wall-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CPB\u2019s interactive <span data-term-id=\"58968833\">WHTI<\/span> map<\/a> for more detailed information.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Canadian Citizens<\/strong>:\u00a0Must present a single <span data-term-id=\"58968833\">WHTI<\/span>-compliant document when visiting by land or sea. Some Canadian citizens are subject to US-VISIT <span data-term-id=\"58968808\">biometric<\/span> procedures.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bermudian Citizens<\/strong>:\u00a0Must present a single <span data-term-id=\"58968833\">WHTI<\/span>-compliant document when visiting by land or sea. All Bermudian citizens are subject to US-VISIT <span data-term-id=\"58968808\">biometric<\/span> procedures.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mexican Citizens<\/strong>:\u00a0Must present a passport with a nonimmigrant visa or laser visa border crossing card when visiting by land or sea. Some Mexican citizens are subject to US-VISIT <span data-term-id=\"58968808\">biometric<\/span> procedures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>All Other <span data-term-id=\"58968832\">International Visitors<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"58968832\">International visitors<\/span> to the U.S. typically must show a <span data-term-id=\"58968809\">U.S. passport<\/span> or\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dhs.gov\/files\/crossingborders\/gc_1161636133959.shtm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">e-Passport<\/a>\u00a0when going through customs. Visitors from certain countries may enter the U.S. without a visa. They may do so under the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/immigration\/visas\/what-is-an-i-601-waiver.html\"><span data-term-id=\"58968810\">Visa Waiver Program<\/span>.\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>They are subject to the internet-based\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbp.gov\/travel\/international-visitors\/esta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-term-id=\"58968823\">Electronic System for Travel Authorization<\/span> (<span data-term-id=\"58968818\">ESTA<\/span>).\u00a0<\/a>This applies before traveling to the U.S. Those entering the U.S. on a visa are subject to\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dhs.gov\/files\/programs\/usv.shtm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US-VISIT<\/a>\u00a0<span data-term-id=\"58968808\">biometric<\/span> screening procedures.<\/p>\n<h2><span data-term-id=\"58968806\">Trusted Traveler Programs<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"58968803\">CBP<\/span>\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/consumer\/travel-rules-and-rights\/the-tsa-pre-program-overview.html\"><span data-term-id=\"58968806\">Trusted Traveler Programs<\/span><\/a> encompass various types of pre-screenings. These expedite travel through dedicated lanes for travelers deemed low-risk.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbp.gov\/travel\/trusted-traveler-programs\/nexus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NEXUS:<\/a>\u00a0For approved members between the Canada and U.S. border for land, sea, and air entry<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbp.gov\/travel\/trusted-traveler-programs\/sentri\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-term-id=\"58968811\">SENTRI<\/span>:<\/a>\u00a0For approved members between the Mexico and U.S. border for land, sea, and air entry<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbp.gov\/travel\/trusted-traveler-programs\/fast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FAST:<\/a>\u00a0For approved commercial truck drivers between Canada and the U.S. and Mexico and U.S. borders<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbp.gov\/travel\/trusted-traveler-programs\/global-entry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-term-id=\"58968812\">Global Entry<\/span>:<\/a>\u00a0For pre-screened international travelers to the U.S<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Questions About Crossing the Border? Get Legal Answers<\/h2>\n<p>Immigration laws are constantly changing. Several factors can cause confusion for those entering the United States. Among those are executive orders and changes to laws related to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/immigration\/visas\/crossing-the-border.html\">border crossings<\/a>. What was true yesterday under one president may not be true under another. An immigration lawyer can provide the latest legal guidance and address any issues, concerns, or questions you may have about crossing the U.S. border.<\/p>\n<p>FindLaw\u2019s\u00a0<a class=\"in-cell-link\" href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/immigration-naturalization-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directory of immigration attorneys<\/a>\u00a0can get you started. Enter your city or ZIP code for a list of qualified legal professionals in your area. Your search results will also show important details about prospective lawyers, including ratings, languages spoken, and whether they offer free consultations.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g 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                 for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        >Too complicated \/ too many steps<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    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class=\"fl-editors-summary\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content\">\n                    <h2>Can I Solve This on My Own or Do I Need an Attorney?<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\">\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"fl-list-style-none\">\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Some people can get a green card or complete immigration forms without hiring legal help\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Complex immigration cases (such as having a criminal history or past immigration violations) may need the support of an attorney\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    A lawyer can advise on eligibility, denials, or revocations for <span data-term-id=\"58968806\">Trusted Traveler Programs<\/span>\n\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n                <p>The immigration process can be stressful and slow. An attorney can offer tailored advice and help prevent common mistakes.<\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link fl-flex\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link\">\n                <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <p class=\"find-attorney\">\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/immigration-naturalization-law\/#USER_GEO\/?fli=esum:FL29\" title=\"Immigration Law Attorney Directory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Find a local attorney<\/a><\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"email-subscription fl-mb30\">\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-header\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-content\">\n            <h3 class=\"fl-callout-sm fl-no-margin\">Stay Up-to-Date With How the Law Affects Your Life<\/h3>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-image fl-flex fl-items-end\">\n       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U.S. citizens, green card holders, international visitors, and more on FindLaw.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41135,"featured_media":0,"parent":352860,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticleWithBreadcrumbsController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_autodraft_ids":[],"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_sb_is_suggestion_mode":false,"_sb_show_suggestion_boards":false,"_sb_show_comment_boards":false,"_sb_suggestion_history":"","_sb_update_block_changes":"","_is_real_time_mode":false,"_realtime_collaborators":"","footnotes":"","cf_checklist_status":["SEO Title Length","Alt Text for All Images","Category Assigned","External 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