{"id":352928,"date":"2016-04-04T10:46:31","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:46:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/injury\/accident-injury-law\/defenses-to-negligence-claims.html"},"modified":"2023-11-01T14:07:23","modified_gmt":"2023-11-01T19:07:23","slug":"defenses-to-negligence-claims","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/accident-injury-law\/defenses-to-negligence-claims.html","title":{"rendered":"Defenses to Negligence Claims"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Defenses to Negligence Claims<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/ty-mcduffey-j-d\/\">Ty McDuffey, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/katrina-wilson-esq\/\">Katrina Wilson, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            November 01, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-key-takeaways fl-mb30\" data-testid=\"fl-key-takeaways\">\n    <div class=\"fl-card-content\">\n        <div class=\"fl-card-body fl-card-bg-teal fl-flex fl-flex-column\">\n                            <h2 class=\"fl-card-title fl-h2 fl-no-margin\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n                        <p data-block-id=\"5e932e9e-dae7-442b-a2c9-33c25480b898\" data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">Whether you are suing or defending against a personal injury lawsuit, knowing negligence defenses can be helpful.\u00a0Common defense arguments involve challenging the elements of the plaintiff&#8217;s negligence claim. Or, a defendant may argue that there is a reason their liability is limited.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>To successfully defend against a negligence suit, the defendant may try to negate one of the elements of the plaintiff&#8217;s cause of action. In other words, the defendant introduces evidence that they:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Did not owe a duty to the plaintiff<\/li>\n<li>Exercised reasonable care<\/li>\n<li>Did not cause the plaintiff&#8217;s damages<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A defendant may rely on one of a few doctrines that may limit liability based on alleged negligence.<\/p>\n<p>Three of the most common doctrines are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#ContributoryNegligence\">Contributory negligence<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#ComparativeNegligence\">Comparative fault<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#AssumptionOfRisk\">Assumption of risk<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For instance, you may not be found entirely liable if the other party was also negligent. These defenses to negligence claims are discussed below.<\/p>\n<p>If you need advice for a lawsuit, consult with a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/personal-injury-plaintiff\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">personal injury lawyer<\/a> near you. <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/personal-injury-defense\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Injury defense attorneys<\/a> can evaluate which strategy best suits your circumstances.<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"ContributoryNegligence\"><\/a>Contributory Negligence<\/h2>\n<p>One common defense after an auto accident is contributory negligence. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/accident-injury-law\/contributory-and-comparative-negligence.html\">Contributory negligence<\/a> occurs in a personal injury case when a plaintiff&#8217;s conduct falls below a certain standard necessary for the plaintiff&#8217;s protection. This conduct coincides with the defendant&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/accident-injury-law\/negligence.html\">negligence<\/a> in causing harm to the plaintiff. This means the accident victim most likely would have avoided injuries had they not also been negligent.<\/p>\n<p>Consider a driver who gets injured in a car accident on a busy highway. They were maintaining a safe speed and distance from other vehicles when suddenly, another car cut them off. Although the driver managed to avoid a collision, they had to brake hard. This abrupt stop resulted in their car being rear-ended by the vehicle behind them, which didn&#8217;t have enough time to stop. The driver suffered severe injuries due to the force of the impact.<\/p>\n<p>In this case, the injured party&#8217;s driving was not the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/cause.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cause-in-fact<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/accident-injury-law\/elements-of-a-negligence-case.html\">proximate causation<\/a>\u00a0of their injuries. Instead, the negligence of the other two drivers \u2014 specifically the driver who cut them off and the driver who rear-ended them \u2014 were the proximate causes of the motor vehicle accident and subsequent injuries.<\/p>\n<p>Some states use the doctrine of\u00a0pure contributory negligence.\u00a0Under this doctrine, a victim who is only one percent at fault for a car accident case may be denied compensation in a personal injury claim. Indiana, for example, applies this doctrine, but only in malpractice cases.<\/p>\n<p>An exception to the contributory negligence defense is known as the <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/last-clear-chance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">last clear chance<\/a>. This term refers to the point at which the defendant could have avoided causing injury by exercising ordinary care.<\/p>\n<p>For example, a pedestrian crosses the street even though the don&#8217;t walk sign is clearly visible. A motorist who has the right-of-way but is distracted by their cell phone strikes and injures the pedestrian. Since the motorist could have avoided striking the pedestrian had they used ordinary care, they could still be liable.<\/p>\n<p>In\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/state\/accident-and-injury-laws\/negligence-laws.html\">many states<\/a>, contributory negligence defenses to negligence claims\u00a0and, by extension, the last clear chance exception,\u00a0have been replaced by comparative negligence.<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"ComparativeNegligence\"><\/a>Comparative Negligence<\/h2>\n<p>Contributory negligence has led to harsh results in some cases. The majority of states have replaced the doctrine with an alternative called comparative negligence. The doctrine of comparative negligence reduces a plaintiff&#8217;s recovery by the percentage in which the plaintiff is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/accident-injury-law\/who-might-be-responsible-for-negligence.html\">at fault<\/a> for their damages.<\/p>\n<p>Most states have modified this rule. This bars a plaintiff from recovering if the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/car-accidents\/what-to-do-after-a-car-accident-that-is-your-fault.html\">plaintiff is as much at fault<\/a>\u00a0or more at fault\u00a0than the defendant, depending on the individual\u00a0state&#8217;s code.<\/p>\n<p>The three main types of comparative negligence are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Pure comparative negligence<\/b>: The plaintiff is awarded a percentage of the damages for which the defendant is responsible, depending on their own percentage of fault.<\/li>\n<li><b>Modified<\/b>: The plaintiff gets a damage award only if their negligence is equal to or less than the defendant&#8217;s negligence.<\/li>\n<li><b>Slight-gross<\/b>: The plaintiff is awarded damages only if their negligence is &#8220;slight&#8221; and the defendant&#8217;s negligence is &#8220;gross.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For example, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/car-accidents\/i-was-hit-by-a-drunk-driver-who-is-liable.html\">drunk driver strikes and seriously injures<\/a> a pedestrian who failed to use a nearby crosswalk. Although it&#8217;s unlikely the driver would have acted any differently had the pedestrian used the crosswalk, the driver&#8217;s civil liability may\u00a0be\u00a0reduced due to the plaintiff&#8217;s own negligence.<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"AssumptionOfRisk\"><\/a>Assumption of Risk<\/h2>\n<p>When a plaintiff assumes the risk involved in an obviously dangerous activity but proceeds to engage in the activity anyway, they may not be able to recover damages for injuries. For this doctrine to apply, the plaintiff must have actual, subjective knowledge of the risk involved in the activity. The plaintiff must also accept the risk involved in the activity. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/assumption-of-risk.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">assumption of risk<\/a>\u00a0defense would not apply to any additional, unknown dangers.<\/p>\n<p>Assumption of risk can be applicable in a car racing scenario. Consider a situation where a driver decides to take part in an amateur car race.<\/p>\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/accident-injury-law\/standards-of-care-and-the-reasonable-person.html\">reasonable person<\/a> would be aware of the inherent risks associated with car racing, including the possibility of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Crashes<\/li>\n<li>Rollovers<\/li>\n<li>High-speed collisions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>By choosing to participate, the driver assumes those particular risks. This is an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/accident-injury-law\/assumption-of-risk-defense.html\">implied assumption of risk<\/a>. If the driver were to sign a waiver or agree to a verbal pact before the race, this would be an express assumption of risk.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>So, if during the race, the driver loses control of their car and crashes into a barrier, causing them to sustain injuries and property damage, they may not be able to recover damages. They had actual, subjective knowledge of the risk involved in the activity\u00a0and voluntarily accepted that risk by deciding to take part.<\/p>\n<p>Now, imagine something unexpected and not inherently related to the risks of car racing occurs. If the driver&#8217;s car had a manufacturing defect that caused the brakes to fail, leading to an accident, the driver might not have assumed that specific risk. This is an additional, unknown danger not inherently linked to the activity of car racing. The doctrine of assumption of risk might not apply in this accident claim.<\/p>\n<h2>The Statute of Limitations Has Passed<\/h2>\n<p>The statute of limitations is a law that sets the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/state\/statutes-of-limitations.html\">time limit for filing a personal injury claim<\/a>. Each state has created its own time limit laws, which can set different deadlines for various types of injury cases.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In most cases, the deadline is straightforward. For example, a car accident occurs on a specific date. The laws explicitly state <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/accident-injury-law\/time-limits-to-bring-a-case-the-statute-of-limitations.html\">how long an accident victim has<\/a> to file a claim after the collision. There may be very little room for dispute in this scenario.<\/p>\n<p>Yet, some negligence cases may be more open to timeline disputes. This possibility can arise when there is a delay between when the negligent act occurs and when the plaintiff <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/discovery-rule.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">discovers the harm<\/a>. For example, a patient might have no way of knowing about a surgical error \u2014 until they discover a dangerous complication years after the procedure. There may be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/medical-malpractice\/time-limit-considerations-in-medical-malpractice-claims.html\">legal exceptions to the time limits<\/a> in certain circumstances. Still, the statute of limitations can become a key point of discussion in a lawsuit.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>A defendant in a negligence claim may argue that the statute of limitations had already passed before the claimant filed their paperwork with the court. Once the deadline passes, a plaintiff can no longer demand compensation from the liable party. So, by showing that the plaintiff didn&#8217;t take their chance while they could, the defendant may argue that the court should dismiss the case.<\/p>\n<h2>Involved in a Negligence Claim? Get Help From an Accident Attorney<\/h2>\n<p>If you&#8217;re being sued, it&#8217;s likely that the other party has a personal injury attorney. The plaintiff&#8217;s personal injury lawyer will file an insurance claim and work to ensure that you are held liable for their client&#8217;s injuries. Shouldn&#8217;t you also be represented? To learn more about your legal options, including any possible defenses to a negligence claim in a personal injury lawsuit, it may be in your best interest to work with an experienced\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/personal-injury-plaintiff\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">personal injury attorney<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Remember, there is a statute of limitations for personal injury and wrongful death claims. If you need help with your claim, it&#8217;s in your best interest to contact a reputable law office as soon as possible. A car accident lawyer can help you recover compensation for your medical bills and hold either\u00a0the responsible party or their insurance company accountable.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g 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  class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-section-sidebar\"><div class=\"fl-editors-summary\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content\">\n                    <h2>Can I Solve This on My Own or Do I Need an Attorney?<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\">\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"fl-list-style-none\">\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    If you are suing, a lawyer can help seek fair compensation on your behalf\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    If you are being sued, a lawyer can thoroughly evaluate your defense options\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Accident and injury claims are complex and insurance carriers have lawyers on their side\n\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n                <p>Get tailored legal advice and ask a lawyer questions about your accident. 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