{"id":353240,"date":"2016-04-04T10:46:44","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:46:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/injury\/product-liability\/defects-in-design.html"},"modified":"2023-11-09T08:50:37","modified_gmt":"2023-11-09T13:50:37","slug":"defects-in-design","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/product-liability\/defects-in-design.html","title":{"rendered":"Defects in Design"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Defects in Design<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/christie-nicholson-j-d\/\">Christie Nicholson, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/oni-harton-j-d\/\">Oni Harton, J.D.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            November 09, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <div data-testid=\"loading-message\" data-fui-focus-visible=\"\">\n<div id=\"chatMessageResponser7a\" class=\"___1yop6mf f336tjw f9ijwd5 fz7g6wx fod5ikn f1s184ao\" aria-live=\"assertive\">\n<div class=\"___1j4t0a1 f1lmfglv f1abmfm4\" aria-hidden=\"false\" data-testid=\"markdown-reply\" data-message-type=\"Chat\">\n<div class=\"___stpibi0 f22iagw f1vx9l62 fk15e71 f1k953kz f137keqj f1rncccw f1stllg3 f1w4kmmc f1tric3v f10dk5ic fx8cdsv f16nlwsl f1eookvz fhjrts3 fqugt2f f10km5jb f18d18k8 f1v1vhmp f1hdmul3 f198vjnp f2dshw1 fjpjndq fnmj2pj ffrrb40 f1mon110 fhajzam fimndk6 fxv4dng fb1rn9k f59wlhv f1xmfh30 f18yf5o5 fmr6chf fw8qy2q ff161sd f1qr7t77 f1yyogn1 foogchg fp5872b f1tpb8gf f1hdgrc8 f1vatr43 frkxccd f9pdzkb f158oiaz ft5kggy f5l4ui7 f13j03li f18xdoka f8off4e f1go6zfc f128n2ra f1jpxw2j f1lwd9n0 fy0b8hm f1g2633v fx4kvgi fkvolse f1gxrt3a f1os76ua f1js9cnw f1g87ej0 freluf8 f1yggaq6 f2i3chp f1151osp florpoh f35kzfz ftp9m57 f1e288vi fz62hnz fixvuys f1nmofwh fc1c6mv f18a2er7 fhvkrdl fhxnn68 f1oce4bo fvhlfan f7tc0t0 f1ngf1n2 ffrzq6x f1yjiq2m f1aqdgql f1huvaf f10ij78l f1k94sa4 fkmfumq f1jvzkyl f1eu24ob f1xbfc1f fmf0lwf f107dsy8 f3w566c f4648sl f13zpkng f7unjfp f8p1rz fzu6h1w f1i1bi6h f1smo7hi f1sk1xod f1kgogdq f1gjktkp ft608jz f19dd9cz fg3xr24 fhd155k f1b8gl2e fg4b9ou flb4lo fdicbfk fgwcyh1 f1jbds0d f1fb9uea f1stuka4 fcrtu6g fwqh0xn f11w66yg f6e0e65 f1vvgu0 f1607507 f1m9bycv f1ntoah8 f1b694rt faql4r2 fpjuhzh fmavl6h\">\n<p>A design defect occurs when a product\u2019s inherent design makes it unreasonably dangerous, affecting all units of that product type. To prove liability, plaintiffs often must show that a safer, feasible, and economically viable alternative design existed that would not compromise the product\u2019s intended use.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Product liability cases involve plaintiffs who injure themselves while using a dangerous or defective product. There are three main types of product liability cases:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Manufacturing defect<\/li>\n<li>Design defect<\/li>\n<li>Marketing defect (lack of or inadequate warning labels)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Each type of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/corporate.findlaw.com\/litigation-disputes\/product-liability-manufacturing-defects-vs-design-defects.html\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">product liability case<\/a>\u00a0has its own characteristics. Product liability lawsuits based on a design defect focus on the manufacturer&#8217;s product design.<\/p>\n<p>Unlike\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/product-liability\/defects-in-manufacturing.html\">manufacturing defect<\/a>\u00a0cases, which focus on errors made during the manufacturing process, design defect cases focus on the manufacturer&#8217;s plans for producing the product. The product&#8217;s design can be as crucial as its assemblage and manufacture.<\/p>\n<p>A design defect occurs when an inherent flaw or error in a product&#8217;s design renders it unreasonably dangerous. Such a defect affects all products of a particular type. In most cases, the manufacturer could have gone with\u00a0a safer design but did not choose to make the product safer. In other instances, the company is not aware that a design defect exists.<\/p>\n<p>This article focuses on design defects. It explains what a design defect is and describes a consumer&#8217;s expectations when buying a product on the open market. Finally, you&#8217;ll learn how your <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/personal-injury-plaintiff\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">personal injury lawyer<\/a> can prove that a design defect exists and caused your injuries.<\/p>\n<h2>Liability for a Defective Design<\/h2>\n<p>A company&#8217;s\u00a0liability\u00a0for a design defect exists when a product poses a foreseeable risk when manufactured and used for its intended purposes. The courts often use a reasonableness test to determine what qualifies as a foreseeable risk. If other manufacturers anticipated the risk during the ordinary course of business, the risk may be foreseeable.<\/p>\n<p>In many states, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/product-liability\/proving-fault-in-a-product-liability-case.html\">to prevail in a product liability claim<\/a>, the plaintiffs must show that the risk could have been reduced or avoided had the defendant adopted a reasonable alternative design that fit these criteria:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Feasible<\/b>:\u00a0The manufacturer could produce an alternative design<\/li>\n<li><b>Economically viable<\/b>:\u00a0It would not be too expensive to make the product with the suggested modification(s)<\/li>\n<li><b>Does not frustrate the product&#8217;s intended purpose<\/b>:\u00a0The product would still perform the function for which the manufacturer created it<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you prove that this alternative design reduces the risk of injury, you may be able to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/accident-injury-law\/economic-recovery-for-accidents-and-injuries.html\">recover damages<\/a>. The courts and regulatory agencies want to keep dangerous products off the shelves. One way to do this is to encourage manufacturers to consider alternative designs when introducing new products.<\/p>\n<h2>Types of Product Defects<\/h2>\n<p>There are an infinite number of types of product defects. Some products have an inherently dangerous design. These are deemed\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/product-liability\/what-is-an-unavoidably-unsafe-product.html\">unavoidably unsafe<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>For example, Pontiac produced the Fiero sports car from model years 1984 to 1988. The auto manufacturer initially marketed the Fiero as the second-safest automobile available, but a spate of engine fires and multiple injuries marred the car&#8217;s reputation.<\/p>\n<p>By 1987, according to the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/vehicle\/1984\/PONTIAC\/FIERO\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration<\/a>, 20 Fiero automobiles were catching on fire each month. When NHTSA approached Pontiac about the number of complaints, the company said the problem was the connecting rods.<\/p>\n<p>One internal memo suggested that at least 10% and up to 40% of the rods in the cars were defective. The problem was with the vehicle&#8217;s design. The evidence seemed to show that Pontiac was aware of this problem when it first manufactured the car, but did nothing to make the product safer. Insiders reported that the company <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1988-04-24-fi-2672-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">resisted spending extra to perfect the design<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The inherent flaws mean that no matter how careful Pontiac&#8217;s manufacturing process was, the product was destined to be dangerous. This is a prime example of a design defect. It&#8217;s also an example of what companies can be willing to do or not do to cut costs.<\/p>\n<p>Other examples of design defects include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Flammable clothing<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/motor-vehicle-defects.html\">Motor vehicles<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Appliances that melt under high heat<\/li>\n<li>Poorly designed safety guards on power tools<\/li>\n<li>Toys that present choking hazards for small children<\/li>\n<li>Top-heavy furniture<\/li>\n<li>Products containing hazardous chemicals, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/product-liability\/product-liability-claims-arising-from-pesticides.html\">weed killers<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Alternative Designs and Cost-Benefit Analyses<\/h2>\n<p>In many defective design cases, the manufacturer could have designed a safer product. In some cases, if the manufacturer&#8217;s actuary determines it&#8217;s cheaper to settle potential lawsuits than redesign and fix the product, the company may choose this route.<\/p>\n<p>Many tests for whether an alternative design is feasible revolve around economic viability. Companies often argue that changing to the new design would cost too much,\u00a0but how much is too much?<\/p>\n<p>To answer this question, courts have employed a cost-benefit analysis approach. They estimate the additional costs of the safer alternative design and weigh that against the estimated costs of the company not changing the design. These damages would include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Medical bills<\/li>\n<li>Future medical expenses<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/accident-injury-law\/economic-recovery-for-accidents-and-injuries.html\">Missed time off from work<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Lost future income<\/li>\n<li>Property damage<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/personal-injury\/when-can-you-sue-for-pain-and-suffering\/\">Pain and suffering<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Emotional distress<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/personal-injury\/when-can-you-sue-for-punitive-damages\/#:~:text=Punitive%20Damages%20Intended%20to%20Punish%20Defendant&amp;text=Although%20awarded%20only%20in%20civil,defendant%27s%20conduct%20justifies%20punitive%20measures.\">Punitive damages<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It&#8217;s rare for a judge to award punitive damages in a product liability case. Your lawyer must prove the defendant acted intentionally, recklessly, or with wanton indifference to recover punitive damages.<\/p>\n<h2>How Do Product Liability Lawyers Prove a Design Defect Exists?<\/h2>\n<p>If you file a defective product lawsuit, the judge will likely conduct a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/risk-utility-test.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risk-utility analysis<\/a>\u00a0to determine liability. The court will first identify the product&#8217;s value despite its flawed design,\u00a0then compare this value to the risk caused by the dangerous product.<\/p>\n<p>If the benefit outweighs the risk, the judge may determine that the manufacturer is not liable. If, on the other hand, the risk far outweighs the benefits, the judge will likely rule in your favor.<\/p>\n<p>Your personal injury attorney must prove that a design defect exists before they can discuss your damages. There are several ways they can do this, including the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Blueprints<\/li>\n<li>Patents<\/li>\n<li>Warranties<\/li>\n<li>Photos<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/law-and-life\/who-qualifies-as-an-expert-witness\/\">Expert testimony<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Your attorney will also rely on reports showing how many other consumers were injured while using the defendant&#8217;s product. This evidence can be beneficial, especially if the other victims <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/accident-injury-law\/injury-damages.html\">suffered injuries<\/a> similar to yours.<\/p>\n<h3>Consumer Expectations Test<\/h3>\n<p>Most courts still use the risk-utility test, but others apply strict liability and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/product-liability\/product-liability-faq.html\">hold the manufacturer liable<\/a> regardless of the costs and benefits. A\u00a0few jurisdictions still use an earlier standard known as the consumer expectations test. The consumer expectations test was born out of tort law. This standard asks whether the danger posed by the product goes beyond the ordinary consumer&#8217;s expectations.<\/p>\n<p>The consumer expectations standard can be hard to apply consistently because consumer expectations can vary widely from person to person. Consequently, most jurisdictions have adopted the alternative design test. It offers more objective criteria.<\/p>\n<p>To learn more about product liability suits, see FindLaw&#8217;s articles about\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/product-liability\/defects-in-manufacturing.html\">defects in manufacturing<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/product-liability\/defects-in-warnings.html\">defects in warnings<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Have a Design Defect Claim? An Attorney Can Help<\/h2>\n<p>Design defects can lead to serious, debilitating injuries. If you or a loved one was harmed due to the use of the product, you may have a cause of action against the company responsible for the defective design. If your family member died due to the design defect, you may be able to sue for\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/wrongful-death.html#:~:text=Wrongful%20death%20damages%20are%20tort,filing%20a%20wrongful%20death%20suit.\">wrongful death<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>FindLaw&#8217;s directory of <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/products-liability-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">product liability attorneys <\/a>can get you started.\u00a0Select your state or city to review contact and ratings information for local experts. Your search results will also link you to additional details about the attorneys\u2019 experience with cases involving design defects.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" 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