{"id":353330,"date":"2016-04-04T10:46:51","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:46:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/injury\/product-liability\/perchlorate.html"},"modified":"2024-02-06T18:17:06","modified_gmt":"2024-02-06T23:17:06","slug":"perchlorate","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/product-liability\/perchlorate.html","title":{"rendered":"Perchlorate Exposure: Risks and Legal Information"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Perchlorate Exposure: Risks and Legal Information<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/christie-nicholson-j-d\/\">Christie Nicholson, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/oni-harton-j-d\/\">Oni Harton, J.D.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            February 06, 2024\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <div data-testid=\"loading-message\" data-fui-focus-visible=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"chatMessageResponser9u\" class=\"___1yop6mf f336tjw f9ijwd5 fz7g6wx fod5ikn f1s184ao\" aria-live=\"assertive\">\n<div class=\"___1j4t0a1 f1lmfglv f1abmfm4\" aria-hidden=\"false\" data-testid=\"markdown-reply\" data-message-type=\"Chat\">\n<div class=\"___stpibi0 f22iagw f1vx9l62 fk15e71 f1k953kz f137keqj f1rncccw f1stllg3 f1w4kmmc f1tric3v f10dk5ic fx8cdsv f16nlwsl f1eookvz fhjrts3 fqugt2f f10km5jb f18d18k8 f1v1vhmp f1hdmul3 f198vjnp f2dshw1 fjpjndq fnmj2pj ffrrb40 f1mon110 fhajzam fimndk6 fxv4dng fb1rn9k f59wlhv f1xmfh30 f18yf5o5 fmr6chf fw8qy2q ff161sd f1qr7t77 f1yyogn1 foogchg fp5872b f1tpb8gf f1hdgrc8 f1vatr43 frkxccd f9pdzkb f158oiaz ft5kggy f5l4ui7 f13j03li f18xdoka f8off4e f1go6zfc f128n2ra f1jpxw2j f1lwd9n0 fy0b8hm f1g2633v fx4kvgi fkvolse f1gxrt3a f1os76ua f1js9cnw f1g87ej0 freluf8 f1yggaq6 f2i3chp f1151osp florpoh f35kzfz ftp9m57 f1e288vi fz62hnz fixvuys f1nmofwh fc1c6mv f18a2er7 fhvkrdl fhxnn68 f1oce4bo fvhlfan f7tc0t0 f1ngf1n2 ffrzq6x f1yjiq2m f1aqdgql f1huvaf f10ij78l f1k94sa4 fkmfumq f1jvzkyl f1eu24ob f1xbfc1f fmf0lwf f107dsy8 f3w566c f4648sl f13zpkng f7unjfp f8p1rz fzu6h1w f1i1bi6h f1smo7hi f1sk1xod f1kgogdq f1gjktkp ft608jz f19dd9cz fg3xr24 fhd155k f1b8gl2e fg4b9ou flb4lo fdicbfk fgwcyh1 f1jbds0d f1fb9uea f1stuka4 fcrtu6g fwqh0xn f11w66yg f6e0e65 f1vvgu0 f1607507 f1m9bycv f1ntoah8 f1b694rt faql4r2 fpjuhzh fmavl6h\">\n<p>Perchlorates are industrial chemicals used in products like rocket fuel and fireworks, and they can contaminate drinking water near manufacturing sites. Long-term exposure may disrupt thyroid function, especially in pregnant women and children, leading to serious health issues.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"___r3ho0x0 fyxfkj9 f1w1vubc f1mpe4l3 f1jlpb2r f1a3p1vp f1mk8lai frkrog8 fz5stix\" aria-live=\"assertive\" data-testid=\"announced-message\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Perchlorates are colorless and odorless salts. Perchlorate is a negatively charged molecule made of four oxygen atoms and one chlorine atom. They quickly dissolve in water. This is why manufacturers use them to make explosives and related products.<\/p>\n<p>Perchlorates can be natural or man-made. They are found in the Southwest United States, including Southern California and Nevada. Manufacturers also find them in Canada, Chile, and other parts of the United States.<\/p>\n<p>Most people have no idea what perchlorates are. Fewer realize that they can be dangerous for humans. This article explains what perchlorate salts are and how they can affect your health. You&#8217;ll also learn what to do if you or a loved one becomes sick after <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/biomonitoring\/Perchlorate_FactSheet.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perchlorate exposure<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>What Are Perchlorates?<\/h2>\n<p>Perchlorates are molecules that contain oxygen and chlorine. Many\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/environmental-contaminants-food\/perchlorate-questions-and-answers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">foods contain natural perchlorates<\/a>, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Greens<\/li>\n<li>Salami<\/li>\n<li>Bologna<\/li>\n<li>Macaroni and cheese<\/li>\n<li>Bagels<\/li>\n<li>Chocolate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>While you may encounter these chemicals in food, they are also in products like fireworks and road flares. Manufacturers use perchlorates for industrial products as well. For instance, rocket propellants contain perchlorates. So do explosives.<\/p>\n<p>Manufacturers produce five main\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/19january2021snapshot.epa.gov\/sites\/static\/files\/documents\/technical_fact_sheet_perchlorate.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">types of perchlorates<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ammonium perchlorate<\/li>\n<li>Magnesium perchlorate<\/li>\n<li>Sodium perchlorate<\/li>\n<li>Potassium perchlorate<\/li>\n<li>Lithium perchlorate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Perchlorates naturally occur in saltpeter deposits in Chile, among other places. Companies use saltpeter to make fertilizer. Manufacturers also use perchlorates to make other chemicals.<\/p>\n<h2>Products Containing Perchlorates<\/h2>\n<p>Perchlorate isn&#8217;t like asbestos. You won&#8217;t find it in hundreds of household products. You will typically find them in industrial products and explosives.<\/p>\n<p>Some of the products that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/environmental-contaminants-food\/perchlorate-questions-and-answers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contain perchlorates<\/a> include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rocket fuel<\/li>\n<li>Fireworks<\/li>\n<li>Firecrackers<\/li>\n<li>Road flares<\/li>\n<li>Industrial explosives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency<\/a> (EPA) regulates the use of perchlorates in manufacturing. But experts still aren&#8217;t sure what levels of perchlorates are safe. This is why the government is still studying the effects of these chemicals. The EPA plans to amend the Safe Drinking Water Act once it does further research.<\/p>\n<h2>Safe Drinking Water Act and Perchlorates<\/h2>\n<p>The U.S. EPA regulates the use of perchlorates in manufacturing. They also set maximum contaminant levels for companies that use perchlorates for industrial purposes. Following a federal court order, the agency committed to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sdwa\/perchlorate-drinking-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updating perchlorate drinking water regulations by November 2025<\/a>. They must also amend them again in 2027 to define new perchlorate guidelines.<\/p>\n<p>The primary concern of the court order is the contamination of surface and drinking water. The health risks of perchlorate contamination are severe. Long-term perchlorate exposure can cause serious health conditions.<\/p>\n<h2>Perchlorate Contamination and the Environment<\/h2>\n<p>Perchlorates enter the environment near sites where companies make and test rockets. Factories that use perchlorates may also seep them into water and soil.<\/p>\n<p>Perchlorates wash away with rainwater. This means they end up in groundwater eventually. Scientists are still determining how long they will stay there. But studies suggest these chemicals remain in the water for a long time.<\/p>\n<p>The odds of perchlorates entering your drinking water are high. The good thing is that they tend to remain in low concentrations. This doesn&#8217;t mean that they don&#8217;t pose a threat to human health. For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC2928898\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pregnant women<\/a> are at a high risk of perchlorate toxicity. So are their unborn fetuses.<\/p>\n<p>Perchlorate exposure can cause damage to the thyroid. For adults, this can cause problems with metabolism. For unborn babies and infants, perchlorate exposure can cause growth and developmental problems.<\/p>\n<h2>Perchlorate Exposure and Public Health<\/h2>\n<p>The FDA and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency<\/a> (EPA) regulate the use of perchlorates. These chemicals threaten both human and environmental health.<\/p>\n<p>Perchlorate exposure may occur in the following ways:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sdwa\/perchlorate-drinking-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Drinking water<\/a> contaminated with perchlorates (water supplies near hazardous waste sites may contain perchlorates)<\/li>\n<li>Eating food or milk containing perchlorates<\/li>\n<li>Living close to factories that make flares, fireworks, and other explosive devices<\/li>\n<li>Smoking or chewing tobacco<\/li>\n<li>Living near a rocket testing or manufacturing facility<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/environmental-contaminants-food\/perchlorate-questions-and-answers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Perchlorate exposure<\/a> can interfere with your thyroid hormone levels. It also impacts your body&#8217;s iodine intake. When you realize you&#8217;re sick, the damage may be severe. This is why the government performs risk assessments to identify high-risk areas.<\/p>\n<h2>Adverse Health Effects of Perchlorate<\/h2>\n<p>The adverse\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/a-to-z-guides\/perchlorate-and-your-health-what-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">health effects of perchlorate salts<\/a>\u00a0are due to perchlorate itself. Other components, such as magnesium or lithium, aren&#8217;t the problem. Perchlorates threaten human health when they enter drinking water supplies.<\/p>\n<p>Perchlorate affects the thyroid gland&#8217;s ability to uptake iodide. Iodide is an important chemical our bodies need to produce hormones that regulate many bodily functions. People exposed to high concentrations of perchlorate may develop a low level of thyroid activity (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/women\/hypothyroidism-underactive-thyroid-symptoms-causes-treatments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hypothyroidism<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Low blood levels of thyroid hormones can damage various parts of our body, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kidneys<\/li>\n<li>Blood<\/li>\n<li>Skin<\/li>\n<li>Skeleton<\/li>\n<li>Pulmonary system<\/li>\n<li>Gastrointestinal tract<\/li>\n<li>Liver<\/li>\n<li>Neuromuscular system<\/li>\n<li>Cardiovascular system<\/li>\n<li>Central nervous system<\/li>\n<li>Reproductive system<\/li>\n<li>Endocrine organs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Studies show that health problems are unlikely at lower levels of perchlorate exposure. For instance, one study found that exposure to perchlorates for two weeks did not impact the function of participants&#8217; thyroid glands.<\/p>\n<p>Other studies involving people who spent years working with perchlorates had no problems with their thyroids, livers, kidneys, or blood. This doesn&#8217;t mean that perchlorates don&#8217;t cause <a href=\"https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/diet\/health-benefits-iodine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">iodine deficiencies<\/a> or other health problems. Low levels of perchlorates may not be as harmful as experts thought.<\/p>\n<h2>Perchlorates and Cancer<\/h2>\n<p>There haven&#8217;t been any studies on whether <a href=\"https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/TSP\/ToxFAQs\/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=893&amp;toxid=181#:~:text=Perchlorates%20have%20not%20been%20classified%20for%20carcinogenic%20effects,below%20those%20necessary%20to%20alter%20thyroid%20hormone%20homeostasis.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perchlorate exposure causes\u00a0cancer<\/a>\u00a0in humans. Studies have found that long-term exposure to perchlorates can cause thyroid cancer in mice and rats. Despite this evidence, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasonline.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Academy of Sciences<\/a>\u00a0(NAS) concluded that humans are unlikely to share the same risk as rats. There are too many biological differences.<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Health and Human Services<\/a> (DHHS) has not classified perchlorates as carcinogens. The same applies to the EPA\u00a0and the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iarc.who.int\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Agency for Research on Cancer<\/a>\u00a0(IARC).<\/p>\n<h2>Perchlorates and Your Health<\/h2>\n<p>The chances of your house containing perchlorates are low. You should be more concerned with perchlorate exposure through your tap water. If you worry about the safety of your drinking water, stick to filtered water.<\/p>\n<p>You should also monitor your children to ensure they don&#8217;t play with or eat dirt. Children are more vulnerable to dangerous perchlorate exposure. Thyroid hormones are crucial for normal development and growth in children.<\/p>\n<p>The good news is that perchlorates in breast milk don&#8217;t seem to impact thyroid function in babies. Researchers have found thyroid gland problems in newborn animals. But the researchers found different results when it comes to human infants.<\/p>\n<h2>Federal Government Standards for Perchlorate<\/h2>\n<p>As discussed briefly above, the EPA is working on new laws regulating perchlorate in drinking water. The goal is to reduce risks to human health. Early initiatives set a preliminary clean-up goal of 24.5 ppb for perchlorate in water.<\/p>\n<p>Massachusetts was the first state to set drinking water and waste site clean-up standards for perchlorate. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/lists\/perchlorate-background-information-and-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Massachusetts set the standard at two ppb<\/a>. It also requires most public water systems to test for perchlorate regularly.<\/p>\n<h2>What To Do if You Suspect Perchlorate Exposure<\/h2>\n<p>If you or a loved one experiences symptoms related to perchlorate exposure, seek immediate medical attention. Then, call an experienced attorney to discuss your legal options.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>FindLaw&#8217;s directory of <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/toxic-torts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">toxic tort attorneys<\/a> can get you started. Select your state or city to review contact and ratings information for local experts. Your search results will also link you to additional details about the attorneys\u2019 experience with cases involving perchlorate exposure.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" 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Learn how perchlorates enter drinking water and your legal options if you get sick.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41135,"featured_media":0,"parent":353191,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticleWithBreadcrumbsController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_autodraft_ids":[],"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_sb_is_suggestion_mode":false,"_sb_show_suggestion_boards":false,"_sb_show_comment_boards":false,"_sb_suggestion_history":"","_sb_update_block_changes":"","_is_real_time_mode":false,"_realtime_collaborators":"","footnotes":"","cf_checklist_status":[]},"categories":[2734],"tags":[],"state_laws_tags":[],"flmsa":[],"class_list":["post-353330","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-injury"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/353330","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/41135"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=353330"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/353330\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/353191"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=353330"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=353330"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=353330"},{"taxonomy":"state_laws_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/state_laws_tags?post=353330"},{"taxonomy":"flmsa","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/flmsa?post=353330"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}