{"id":353440,"date":"2016-04-04T10:46:59","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:46:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/defamation-law-the-basics.html"},"modified":"2024-12-03T11:57:00","modified_gmt":"2024-12-03T16:57:00","slug":"defamation-law-the-basics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/defamation-law-the-basics.html","title":{"rendered":"Libel, Slander, and Defamation Law: The Basics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Libel, Slander, and Defamation Law: The Basics<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/robert-rafii-esq\/\">Robert Rafii, Esq.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw Staff<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            December 03, 2024\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-key-takeaways fl-mb30\" data-testid=\"fl-key-takeaways\">\n    <div class=\"fl-card-content\">\n        <div class=\"fl-card-body fl-card-bg-teal fl-flex fl-flex-column\">\n                            <h2 class=\"fl-card-title fl-h2 fl-no-margin\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n                        <p>Defamation is a civil action that covers false statements that cause reputational harm. Learn about the legal definition of defamation, possible defenses, and how to sue.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Libel and slander are two types of defamation. Libel includes written or pictorial defamatory statements. Slander includes verbal defamatory statements.<\/p>\n<p>This article explores <a title=\"defamation, libel and slander laws\" href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/defamation-libel-slander.html\">defamation, libel, and slander laws<\/a>. If you need help with a particular case, a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/defamation\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defamation lawyer<\/a> can give you more advice.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Defamation Lawsuits<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>State defamation laws vary. Yet, some standards exist no matter where you are or who you are suing.<\/p>\n<p>Generally, to win a defamation lawsuit, you must prove all the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Someone made a statement.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>The statement was published.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>The statement caused your injury.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>The statement was false.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>The statement did not fall into a privileged category.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These terms and details are further defined below.<\/p>\n<h3><b>The Statement<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>A &#8220;statement&#8221; needs to be spoken (slander), written (libel), or otherwise expressed in some manner. Many consider slander less harmful than libel because the spoken word often fades more quickly from memory. These statements are especially damaging to the person&#8217;s good name if they involve a public or private individual&#8217;s health, business, criminal propensity, or sexual misconduct. Defamation of character in these particular areas can be actionable as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/what-is-defamation-per-se-.html\">defamation per se<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><b>Publication <\/b><\/h3>\n<p>For a statement to be published, a third party (someone other than the person making the statement or the subject of the statement) must have seen, heard, or read the defamatory statement. Unlike the traditional meaning of &#8220;published,&#8221; a defamatory statement does not need to be printed. Instead, a statement heard over the television or seen scrawled on someone&#8217;s door is considered published.<\/p>\n<h3><b>Injury <\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: initial\">To succeed in a defamation lawsuit, the plaintiff must show that the statement\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/accident-injury-law\/personal-injury-law-the-basics.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caused injury<\/a><span style=\"color: initial\"> to the subject of the statement.<\/span>\u00a0This means that the statement must have hurt the reputation of the subject of the statement. For example, a statement has caused injury if the subject of the statement lost work or money due to the statement.<\/p>\n<h3><b>Falsity<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>Defamation law considers statements defamatory only if they are, in fact, false. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/defenses-to-libel-and-slander.html\">true statement is not considered defamation<\/a> in many states, but truth is a defense in some states (see below).<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Unprivileged<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>You cannot sue for defamation based on statements considered &#8220;privileged.&#8221; For example, when a witness testifies at trial and makes a false and injurious statement, the witness will be immune to a lawsuit for defamation because the act of testifying at trial is privileged. In some states, privilege is a defense to a defamation claim.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Defenses to Defamation<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Below are some possible defenses to defamation.<\/p>\n<h3><b>Truth<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>A statement must be false to be defamatory. It&#8217;s not defamation if it&#8217;s true. Truth is an absolute defense to a defamation claim.<\/p>\n<h3><b>Opinion<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>Only statements of fact can be defamatory. Statements of opinion are not. For example, saying that Kevin stole money from the collection basket on two occasions is a statement of fact. Saying that Kevin is a &#8220;thief&#8221; is an opinion, though courts and juries may interpret it differently depending on how they feel a reasonable person might take it. The line between fact and opinion is often blurry and can depend on the circumstances.<\/p>\n<h3><b>Absolute Privilege<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>Statements made in certain contexts are subject to an &#8220;absolute privilege,&#8221; a complete defense to defamation. In other words, in some situations, you can lie. Examples include statements made by legislators on the floor of the legislature and statements made between spouses.<\/p>\n<h3><b>Qualified Privileges<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>Some statements are subject to a &#8220;qualified privilege,&#8221; which recognizes that you may have some right to make a false statement in some cases. For example, published reviews containing fair criticism of books or films are subject to a qualified privilege, as are statements made to warn others about potential danger.<\/p>\n<h3><b>Retraction<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>A retraction is a public and formal withdrawal of a previously made false statement. Although you can still sue the speaker for defamation, the retraction lessens the actual harm done by the false statement and reduces the amount you can recover for the civil wrong.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Damages in Defamation Lawsuits<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Like most personal injury cases, judicial proceedings in defamation lawsuits allow for the recovery of economic and non-economic damages.<\/p>\n<p>If you prove your cause of action for defamation, you may be entitled to recover your actual damages. The amount typically depends on the harm to a person&#8217;s reputation. Special damages are the amount you can calculate with precision, such as medical bills. Let&#8217;s say you lost a job because of a false statement of fact. In that case, you may be able to recover lost wages, lost future earning capacity, and other lost economic opportunities.<\/p>\n<p>Depending on the statement, you may be able to recover money for amounts that you cannot calculate with precision. These are called non-economic damages. One typical example would be damages for pain and suffering and emotional distress.<\/p>\n<p>In cases where the speaker acted outrageously, you may be able to recover punitive damages, which punish the speaker for particularly bad behavior.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Social Media and Defamation Law<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/defamation-and-social-media--what-you-need-to-know.html\">Social media<\/a> makes it easier than ever to make a defamatory statement. Social media services like Twitter and Facebook allow you to instantly &#8220;publish&#8221; a statement that can reach millions of people. Whether it&#8217;s a disparaging blog post, Facebook status update, or YouTube video, online defamation is treated the same way as more traditional forms. You can be sued for any defamatory statements you post online.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Slander and Libel Against Public Officials and Figures<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>The government has typically placed a high priority on allowing the public to speak their minds about elected officials and other public figures. Compared to private figures, people in the public eye are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/defenses-to-libel-and-slander.html\">less protected from defamatory statements<\/a>. They also face a higher burden when attempting to win a defamation lawsuit.<\/p>\n<p>The Supreme Court has ruled that freedom of speech limits a public official&#8217;s ability to sue someone for defamation. When someone criticizes an official in a false and damaging way for something relating to their behavior in office, the official must<i> <\/i>prove the statement was made with &#8220;actual malice&#8221; <i>and <\/i>all the other defamation elements.<\/p>\n<p>The U.S. Supreme Court defined &#8220;actual malice&#8221; in <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/us-supreme-court\/485\/46.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Hustler v. Falwell <\/i>(1988).<\/a> In that case, the Court held that the <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/freedom-of-speech.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">First Amendment<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United States Constitution<\/a> protected certain statements that would otherwise be defamatory.<\/p>\n<p>This meant that public officials could only win a defamation suit when the statement was published with the actual intent to harm the public figure. Actual malice only occurs when the person making the statement knows it is not true or has a reckless disregard for whether it is true.<\/p>\n<p>Other people in the public eye, such as celebrities, must also prove actual malice to succeed in a defamation claim.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Modern Libel Laws<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>The landmark Supreme Court decision in <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/us-supreme-court\/376\/254.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>New York Times Co. v. Sullivan <\/i>(1964)<\/a>\u00a0recognized that the law of defamation has a constitutional dimension. Under this case and subsequent cases, the Court has balanced individual interests in reputation with the interests of free speech in society. This approach has altered the rules governing libel and slander (written and spoken types of defamation, respectively), especially where printed speech is about a public official or figure, or the communication is about a matter of public interest.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Questions About Defamation Law? Get Legal Help Today<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>If you have been accused of defamation or someone has defamed you, you&#8217;ll want to know more about the law and your rights. An experienced lawyer or a law firm can give you legal advice about your potential defamation case.<\/p>\n<p>Contact a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/defamation\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">local defamation attorney<\/a> to learn more about how they can help. You have a limited amount of time under state law to bring a defamation claim, depending on the state&#8217;s statute of limitations, so make sure you do not delay.<\/p>\n<p>Learn more on our state-specific <a href=\"https:\/\/ask.superlawyers.com\/defamation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defamation law legal answers<\/a> page.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M6 21H3C2.46957 21 1.96086 20.7893 1.58579 20.4142C1.21071 20.0391 1 19.5304 1 19V12C1 11.4696 1.21071 10.9609 1.58579 10.5858C1.96086 10.2107 2.46957 10 3 10H6M13 8V4C13 3.20435 12.6839 2.44129 12.1213 1.87868C11.5587 1.31607 10.7956 1 10 1L6 10V21H17.28C17.7623 21.0055 18.2304 20.8364 18.5979 20.524C18.9654 20.2116 19.2077 19.7769 19.28 19.3L20.66 10.3C20.7035 10.0134 20.6842 9.72068 20.6033 9.44225C20.5225 9.16382 20.3821 8.90629 20.1919 8.68751C20.0016 8.46873 19.7661 8.29393 19.5016 8.17522C19.2371 8.0565 18.9499 7.99672 18.66 8H13Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n                              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<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n    <span class=\"was-this-helpful__taken-action fl-text-sm-bold\"><\/span>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-container\">\n        <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n            <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <form class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form\">\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--positive\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Easy to understand\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                        >Easy to understand<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Solved my problem\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                        >Solved my problem<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                 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          >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        >Too complicated \/ too many steps<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Out of date\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                        >Out of date<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--positive at-feedback-submit fl-button secondary\"\n                    type=\"submit\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-section-sidebar\"><div class=\"fl-editors-summary\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content\">\n                    <h2>Can I Solve This on My Own or Do I Need an Attorney?<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\">\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"fl-list-style-none\">\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    A lawyer can help seek fair compensation on your behalf\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Defamation claims are complex, and a lawyer can help you create a strategy for your case\n\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n                <p>Get tailored legal advice and ask a lawyer questions about your claim. Many attorneys offer free consultations.<\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link fl-flex\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link\">\n                <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <p class=\"find-attorney\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/personal-injury-plaintiff\/#USER_GEO\/?fli=esum:FL3905\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Find a local attorney<\/a><\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"email-subscription fl-mb30\">\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-header\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-content\">\n            <h3 class=\"fl-callout-sm fl-no-margin\">Stay Up-to-Date With How the Law Affects Your Life<\/h3>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-image fl-flex fl-items-end\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\"\n                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