{"id":353479,"date":"2016-04-04T10:47:02","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:47:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/invasion-of-privacy-public-disclosure-of-private-facts.html"},"modified":"2025-08-07T16:16:36","modified_gmt":"2025-08-07T21:16:36","slug":"invasion-of-privacy-public-disclosure-of-private-facts","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/invasion-of-privacy-public-disclosure-of-private-facts.html","title":{"rendered":"Invasion of Privacy: Public Disclosure of Private Facts"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Invasion of Privacy: Public Disclosure of Private Facts<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw Staff<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/robert-rafii-esq\/\">Robert Rafii, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            August 07, 2025\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-key-takeaways fl-mb30\" data-testid=\"fl-key-takeaways\">\n    <div class=\"fl-card-content\">\n        <div class=\"fl-card-body fl-card-bg-teal fl-flex fl-flex-column\">\n                            <h2 class=\"fl-card-title fl-h2 fl-no-margin\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n                        <p>Sharing someone else&#8217;s personal information is called the public disclosure of private facts. This act may be more serious than simply spreading gossip. It is be a civil wrongdoing (tort) under the law.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The publicizing of private details without consent could cause significant harm. You have a right to privacy for certain information about yourself. That also means you can sue a person who makes that information public. The tort of &#8220;public disclosure of private facts&#8221; is a state law claim of invasion of privacy.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Understanding this type of invasion of privacy can help you determine your legal options. A lawsuit could compensate you for the harm you have already suffered and stop further harm.<\/p>\n<p>This article explains the basics of a public disclosure of private facts case. If you need more information, contact a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/defamation\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defamation and privacy law attorney<\/a> near you.<\/p>\n<h2>What To Know About Invasion of Privacy Laws<\/h2>\n<p>Personal privacy law has evolved through rules created by judges over time. The historical case precedent that has resulted from these rules is known as common law. When it comes to civil lawsuits for wrongful conduct (known as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/what-are-intentional-torts.html\">torts<\/a>), many states are common law jurisdictions.<\/p>\n<p>The right to privacy is enforced through four invasion of privacy claims (causes of action):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/invasion-of-privacy--intrusion.html\">Intrusion of solitude<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/invasion-of-privacy--appropriation.html\">Appropriation of name or likeness<\/a> (also known as misappropriation)<\/li>\n<li>Public disclosure of private facts<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/invasion-of-privacy--false-light.html\">False light<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>While every culture has social norms that dictate what is acceptable, the private lives of individuals are frequently at odds with these norms. In order to preserve their reputations and to avoid embarrassment or mistreatment, people specifically select what elements of their private affairs they reveal to the public. It is important, therefore, that the facts of a person&#8217;s private life are not exposed to the public eye without their permission.<\/p>\n<p>For example, a gay man in a smaller, less-tolerant community might choose not to reveal his sexual orientation to the public. Were someone to disclose private information regarding his sexual orientation to the public, it might cause irreparable reputational harm. Because confidential information about him has been made public, the man might also suffer mistreatment and even professional difficulties. That&#8217;s still the case even though <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/gender-sex-discrimination-basics.html\">sex discrimination is illegal<\/a> in many contexts.<\/p>\n<h2>Elements of a Public Disclosure of Private Facts Claim<\/h2>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ali.org\/publications\/restatement-law-second\/torts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Restatement of Torts<\/a>, a legal treatise on common law, generalizes the claim as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Giving publicity to a matter that concerns the private life of another<\/li>\n<li>Where the matter would be highly offensive to a reasonable person<\/li>\n<li>The matter is not of legitimate public concern<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The disclaimer is that not every state will recognize these elements in the same way, or at all. There are several differences between states that will affect the strength and scope of a plaintiff&#8217;s claim, and these must be considered. For example, in New York, there is\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/invasion-of-privacy.html\">no actionable legal claim<\/a>\u00a0for public disclosure of private facts, and no remedy is available.<\/p>\n<p>In most states, however, there is an actionable legal claim for public disclosure of private facts. In a successful legal claim, the plaintiff must usually establish the following elements:<\/p>\n<h3>The Disclosed Fact Was a Private Fact<\/h3>\n<p>A private fact is a detail of a person&#8217;s life that is not generally known to the public. At the very least, it is not information that is publicly available.<\/p>\n<p>Examples include sexual orientation, medical history, and financial difficulties. Depending on the context, they may include any other potentially embarrassing private fact. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/can-someone-take-my-photo-without-permission.html\">photograph<\/a>, video, or audio <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/enforcing-your-civil-rights\/can-i-sue-someone-for-recording-me.html\">recording<\/a> may also be a private fact. Usually, this is only if it was taken in a public or semi-public place where there was no\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/what-is-the--reasonable-expectation-of-privacy--.html\">reasonable expectation of privacy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>There Was a Public Disclosure of the Private Fact(s)<\/h3>\n<p>A public disclosure is any communication of the fact-at-issue to the public. The communication must be to enough people that it&#8217;s reasonably likely the fact will become public knowledge.<\/p>\n<p>Examples of public disclosure include writing about the private facts on a blog, a website, or as a comment on a bulletin board. Other examples include speaking to friends or groups of others, in person, about the fact-at-issue.<\/p>\n<p>Generally, disclosure to one or two people does not constitute a public disclosure. The exception is when there is an implication that the information would be spread around.<\/p>\n<h3>The Disclosure Is Offensive to a Reasonable Person\u00a0<\/h3>\n<p>The law asks whether an ordinary person would take offense to the disclosure of particular private facts. In taking offense, the audience should be exhibiting the general beliefs of the community in which the disclosure takes place.<\/p>\n<p>The law recognizes that complete privacy does not exist in modern society. Occasionally, unintentional disclosures of private facts will necessarily occur. Thus, the idea behind the &#8220;offensiveness&#8221; element is to restrict actionable claims to disclosures that are particularly harmful. Sexually-charged disclosures are frequently considered offensive. But depending on the context, other private facts may also be determined offensive.<\/p>\n<p>To protect the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/freedom-of-speech.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">First Amendment right to free speech<\/a>, some state supreme courts have expanded the plaintiff&#8217;s burden. They require the plaintiff to prove additional elements in their case.<\/p>\n<p>In California, for example, the plaintiff must prove two additional elements:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The defendant disclosed private facts with reckless disregard for the reasonable offensiveness of the disclosure<\/li>\n<li>The disclosed facts were not of legitimate public concern<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In other states, the plaintiff doesn&#8217;t have to prove a &#8220;legitimate concern&#8221; element. But it is a defense available to the defendant.<\/p>\n<h2>Defenses to the Disclosure of Private Facts<\/h2>\n<p>There are a number of defenses to a public disclosure claim. Below, you&#8217;ll find explanations of some of the most common defenses.<\/p>\n<h3>Legitimate Public Interest<\/h3>\n<p>Whether the public has a legitimate concern or interest in the facts at issue is an important question. It depends on the context of the case. There is no particular formula for the courts to follow.<\/p>\n<p>Whether this defense can be effectively asserted will depend on whether the plaintiff has made themselves newsworthy. They may have temporarily entered the limelight, or they may have a more permanent celebrity capacity. In cases involving public figures, details of their private lives are more likely to be considered items of legitimate public interest. The passage of time may lessen the public interest in a given fact (the newsworthiness of it), which may weaken this defense.<\/p>\n<h3>Consent To Disclose<\/h3>\n<p>Consent is a total defense. If the plaintiff has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/consent-defense-and-intentional-torts.html\">consented<\/a> in some way to the disclosure, then they cannot pursue a claim for public disclosure of private facts. For example, consent can be given through a release form or by accepting an interview. If a journalist has permission to use a person&#8217;s name and other private information in an interview, they can&#8217;t be sued for those disclosures.<\/p>\n<h3>Facts of Public Record<\/h3>\n<p>Matters of public record, such as birth dates and military service records, are exempted.\u00a0The defendant may claim this defense by showing that the disclosed fact was actually a matter of public record.<\/p>\n<p>However, unlike <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/fault-required-for-defamation.html\">defamation actions<\/a>, truth is no defense to a claim for public disclosure of private facts. This means that a defendant cannot refute a claim by showing that the disclosed fact was actually true or accurate. The falsity or truth of the disclosure is irrelevant to the defense.<\/p>\n<h2>Recoverable Damages for Disclosure of Private Details<\/h2>\n<p>Someone publicly disclosed private facts about you. You sued, proved all the elements, and you won. The court will award you compensatory damages, or damages that are designed to make you whole. These include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/general-damages.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">General damages<\/a>: For things like pain and suffering and other losses that are hard to calculate<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/special-damages.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Actual or special damages<\/a>: For ascertainable damages like medical bills or lost income<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/personal-injury\/when-can-you-sue-for-punitive-damages\">Punitive damages<\/a>: To punish defendants that act with reckless disregard<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In some cases, the court may even award your filing fees and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/filing-a-lawsuit\/can-i-sue-for-legal-fees-.html\">legal costs<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Was Your Privacy Violated? Call a Lawyer Today<\/h2>\n<p>Disclosing private facts to the public can be an actionable claim. Depending on the state, there are several important elements you&#8217;ll have to prove to be successful. This can all get a little confusing, but it doesn&#8217;t need to be.<\/p>\n<p>You should have solid legal representation on your side to help you understand the law and pursue your case in court. Personal injury lawyers often help with claims for emotional and reputational harm \u2014 not just physical injuries. Learn more today by finding a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/personal-injury-plaintiff\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">personal injury lawyer<\/a> near you.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n     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                 for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        >Too complicated \/ too many steps<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    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          class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--positive at-feedback-submit fl-button secondary\"\n                    type=\"submit\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-section-sidebar\"><div class=\"fl-editors-summary\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content\">\n                    <h2>Can I Solve This on My Own or Do I Need an Attorney?<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\">\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"fl-list-style-none\">\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    A lawyer can help seek fair compensation on your behalf\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Invasion of privacy claims are complex, and a lawyer can help you prove each element of your claim\n\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n                <p>Get tailored legal advice and ask a lawyer questions about your case. 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