{"id":353829,"date":"2020-04-01T08:01:57","date_gmt":"2020-04-01T13:01:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/military\/administrative-issues-benefits\/martial-law-during-peacetime.html"},"modified":"2020-04-01T08:13:57","modified_gmt":"2020-04-01T13:13:57","slug":"martial-law-during-peacetime","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/military\/administrative-issues-benefits\/martial-law-during-peacetime.html","title":{"rendered":"Martial Law During Peacetime"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Martial Law During Peacetime<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/maddy-teka-esq\/\">Maddy Teka, Esq.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw Staff<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            April 01, 2020\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"fl-key-takeaways fl-mb30\" data-testid=\"fl-key-takeaways\">\n    <div class=\"fl-card-content\">\n        <div class=\"fl-card-body fl-card-bg-teal fl-flex fl-flex-column\">\n                            <h2 class=\"fl-card-title fl-h2 fl-no-margin\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n                        <p>Martial law, an act of last resort, occurs when the military government substitutes the civil government during certain emergencies.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>When a nation declares martial law, civil authority will be suspended and replaced by military rule. This usually happens as a response to a significant disaster. This article gives a general overview of martial law and how the U.S. has used it in the past.<br>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">What Is Martial Law?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>When it can be invoked&nbsp;and other specifics have not been defined explicitly in American law, however. The Supreme Court, in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/327\/304.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Duncan v. Kahanamoku<\/i><\/a>, did not explain what the term \u201cmartial law&quot; is. However, the martial laws declared in the past carry similar features, including:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Military personnel will have the power to enact and enforce civil and criminal laws<\/li>\r\n<li>Certain civil liberties will be suspended<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-procedure\/writ-of-habeas-corpus.html\" target=\"_blank\">Writ of Habeas Corpus<\/a>&nbsp;may be suspended<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">When Has It Been Invoked in the Past?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Martial law has rarely been invoked in the U.S. The last time it was&nbsp;used was in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/hawaii-wwii-martial-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hawaii<\/a>, following the Pearl Harbor attack. Prior to that, it was&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/212\/78.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">used a few times<\/a>&nbsp;in the early 20<sup>th<\/sup>&nbsp;Century. President Abraham Lincoln used it&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1864\/07\/06\/archives\/proclamation-by-the-president-martial-law-declared-in-kentuckythe.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">during the Civil war<\/a>. It was also invoked&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/articles\/andrew-jackson-and-martial-law-in-new-orleans.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">during the war of 1812<\/a>&nbsp;in New Orleans by General Andrew Jackson.<\/p>\r\n<p>There are also other times where presidents used the military to maintain order, but not under martial law. Rather they used the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/IF\/IF10539\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Insurrection Act<\/a>, an act that allows presidents to use the military. Some of the instances where this Act was used include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>President Eisenhower used the&nbsp;National Guard in Arkansas to&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.americaslibrary.gov\/aa\/eisenhower\/aa_eisenhower_littlerock_3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">integrate schools<\/a>&nbsp;in Little Rock.<\/li>\r\n<li>President Kennedy and Johnson used the Act to integrate schools in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/R\/R42659\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mississippi and Alabama<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">How Is Martial Law Invoked?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>There is no constitutional provision that specifically talks about who has the power to declare martial law. The following Constitutional provisions are, however, often interpreted to allow both the President and&nbsp;Congress to declare martial law.<\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">1) Article I, Section 8, Clause 15&nbsp;of the Constitution (Congress can declare martial law)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>This section of the Constitution states Congress has the power to \u201cprovide for calling forth the militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress insurrections,&nbsp;and repel Invasions.&quot;<\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">2)&nbsp;Article II, Section 2, Clause 1&nbsp;of the Constitution (President can declare martial law)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>This section states, \u201cthe President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States.&quot;<\/p>\r\n<p>In addition to the above, governors may also declare martial law in their state, if the state&#8217;s constitution allows them to do so.<\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Can a President Declare Martial Law During a Pandemic?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>A pandemic may kill more Americans than an actual war. The COVID-19 pandemic, for instance, could kill 100,000- 200,000 Americans,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/coronavirus-live-updates\/2020\/03\/29\/823517467\/fauci-estimates-that-100-000-to-200-000-americans-could-die-from-the-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the nation&#8217;s expert<\/a>&nbsp;on infectious diseases. But is that enough to warrant a declaration of martial law?<\/p>\r\n<p>Martial law has never been declared as a response to a pandemic in American history. Even though the Supreme Court did not specifically hand out the criteria for declaring&nbsp;martial&nbsp;law, it has highlighted that martial&nbsp;law should only be justified in extreme cases and only as a last resort.<\/p>\r\n<p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of governors have&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.militarytimes.com\/news\/coronavirus\/2020\/03\/30\/latest-guard-update-over-14830-troops-mobilized-for-covid-19-response-more-states-on-title-32-status\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called up their national guard<\/a>&nbsp;to help assist with essential duties. But, in such cases, the guards&#8217; role was to assist civil authorities, not replace them.<\/p>\r\n<p>As there is no legal precedent (either in the Constitution or cases) on when the President can declare martial law, it is difficult to answer whether a President can declare martial law for a pandemic. But the possibility of it happening in acute domestic disasters like the COVID-19 pandemic can&#8217;t be ruled out.<\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Additional Resources<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/coronavirus-laws\/government-actions-during-a-pandemic.html\">Understanding Government Actions During COVID-19<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/law_and_life\/2020\/03\/what-does-a-state-of-emergency-mean.html\">What Does a State of Emergency Mean?<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/law_and_life\/2020\/01\/what-are-the-us-governments-quarantine-powers.html\">What Are the U.S. Government&#8217;s Quarantine Powers?<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                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18.2304 20.8364 18.5979 20.524C18.9654 20.2116 19.2077 19.7769 19.28 19.3L20.66 10.3C20.7035 10.0134 20.6842 9.72068 20.6033 9.44225C20.5225 9.16382 20.3821 8.90629 20.1919 8.68751C20.0016 8.46873 19.7661 8.29393 19.5016 8.17522C19.2371 8.0565 18.9499 7.99672 18.66 8H13Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n                              stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3418\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"><\/rect>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"No\"\n                value=\"no\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">No<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-down\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3423)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M16 0.999995H18.67C19.236 0.989986 19.7859 1.18813 20.2154 1.55681C20.645 1.9255 20.9242 2.43905 21 3V10C20.9242 10.5609 20.645 11.0745 20.2154 11.4432C19.7859 11.8119 19.236 12.01 18.67 12H16M9.00003 14V18C9.00003 18.7956 9.3161 19.5587 9.87871 20.1213C10.4413 20.6839 11.2044 21 12 21L16 12V0.999995H4.72003C4.2377 0.994543 3.76965 1.16359 3.40212 1.47599C3.0346 1.78839 2.79235 2.22309 2.72003 2.7L1.34003 11.7C1.29652 11.9866 1.31586 12.2793 1.39669 12.5577C1.47753 12.8362 1.61793 13.0937 1.80817 13.3125C1.99842 13.5313 2.23395 13.7061 2.49846 13.8248C2.76297 13.9435 3.05012 14.0033 3.34003 14H9.00003Z\"\n                   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