{"id":354812,"date":"2023-04-03T12:40:43","date_gmt":"2023-04-03T17:40:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/lgbtq-law\/respect-for-marriage-act.html"},"modified":"2026-06-03T15:53:00","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T20:53:00","slug":"respect-for-marriage-act","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/lgbtq-law\/respect-for-marriage-act.html","title":{"rendered":"The Respect for Marriage Act"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">The Respect for Marriage Act<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/vaishali-gaur-esq\/\">Vaishali Gaur, Esq.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/bridget-molitor-jd\/\">Bridget Molitor, JD<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            June 03, 2026\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <div>\n<div id=\"LbZNNHWWAQCYdiMhJhfPs-content-0\">\n<p>The Respect for Marriage Act is a federal law that requires all states and the federal government to recognize valid same\u2011sex and interracial marriages performed anywhere in the United States. It repeals the Defense of Marriage Act and provides important protections for couples if future court decisions ever limit marriage rights.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>On December 13, 2022, President Biden signed into law the\u00a0Respect for Marriage Act (RFMA), a federal law ensuring that all state and federal governments recognize marriages regardless of sex, race, ethnicity, or national origin.<\/p>\n<p>This article provides an overview of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/8404\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Respect for Marriage Act<\/a> and how it applies to same-sex couples.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div id=\"FFVqXMheSsWbxwT8UU1kW-content-0\">\n<p>Marriage laws for same\u2011sex couples have shifted dramatically over the past few decades. It\u2019s understandable to feel overwhelmed or confused. Contact an <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/civil-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">attorney near you<\/a> for clear, up-to-date legal guidance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Laws Preceding the Respect for Marriage Act<\/h2>\n<p>In 1996, President Clinton signed the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/marriage\/the-defense-of-marriage-act-and-the-call-for-a-constitutional.html\">Defense of Marriage Act<\/a> into law. The Defense of Marriage Act:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Limited the definition of marriage to the union between one man and one woman,<\/li>\n<li>Allowed states to refuse to recognize <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/marriage\/states-that-allow-same-sex-marriage.html\">same-sex marriages<\/a> granted legally in other states, and<\/li>\n<li>Denied federal benefits and recognition to same-sex couples.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in\u00a0<i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/12-307.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">United States v. Windsor<\/a><\/i>\u00a0that the denial of federal recognition of same-sex marriages and federal benefits to same-sex couples under the Defense of Marriage Act is unconstitutional.<\/p>\n<p>In 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court eliminated state bans on same-sex marriages and ruled that same-sex marriage is constitutionally protected under the Due Process and Equal Protection Clause of the 14<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0Amendment in\u00a0<i><a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme-court-insights\/obergefell-v--hodges-case-summary-and-significance.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Obergefell v. Hodges<\/a><\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>However, in the 2022\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/spr-crt-us\/2176799.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Dobbs v. Jackson Women&#8217;s Health Organization<\/i><\/a>\u00a0decision\u2014which <a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme-court-insights\/could-roe-v--wade-be-overturned-.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">overturned\u00a0<i>Roe v. Wade<\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0<i>Planned Parenthood v. Casey<\/i><\/a>\u2014Justice Clarence Thomas specifically suggested that the U.S. Supreme Court reconsider all \u201csubstantive due process precedents,&#8221; including <i>Obergefell<\/i>. Substantive due process protects fundamental individual rights by limiting infringement upon those rights by the government.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: initial;\">Concerned that the U.S. Supreme Court could overturn\u00a0<\/span><em style=\"color: initial;\">Obergefell\u00a0<\/em><span style=\"color: initial;\">in the future and thereby take away same-sex marriage protections, as well as other protections grounded in substantive due process precedents, marriage equality proponents reintroduced the Respect for Marriage Act to Congress <\/span>in 2022.<\/p>\n<h2>What Does the Respect for Marriage Act Do?<\/h2>\n<p>The Respect for Marriage Act:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Requires federal and state governments to recognize the validity of same-sex and interracial marriages granted legally in any state,<\/li>\n<li>Repeals the Defense of Marriage Act, and<\/li>\n<li>Protects religious liberty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Although the Respect for Marriage Act does not require states to allow same-sex couples to marry, it does ensure that every state must recognize <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/marriage\/same-sex-marriage-and-the-supreme-court.html\">same-sex marriages<\/a> granted legally in other states.<\/p>\n<p>The inclusion of the repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act in the Respect for Marriage Act provides a safeguard should\u00a0<i>Windsor\u00a0<\/i>or\u00a0<i>Obergefell\u00a0<\/i>be overturned. Without the repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act, the original provisions of the Defense of Marriage Act would have stayed legally binding if\u00a0<i>Windsor<\/i>\u00a0or\u00a0<i>Obergefell<\/i>\u00a0were overturned in the future.<\/p>\n<p>However, the Respect for Marriage Act also provides <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/federal-laws-against-religious-discrimination.html\">religious exemptions<\/a> for nonprofit religious organizations by giving them the freedom to decline services or support for same-sex marriages.<\/p>\n<h2>Bipartisan Support<\/h2>\n<p>The Respect for Marriage Act, written by a group of both Democrat and Republican senators, is the most supported pro-LGBTQ+ bill <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civic-engagement\/how-does-a-bill-become-a-law.html\">passed in Congress<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The vote in the House of Representatives for the Respect for Marriage Act was 258 to 169, with 39 Republicans joining the Democrats and voting in favor. After the bill was amended to include religious protections, it passed the Senate with a vote of 61 to 36, with 12 Republicans voting in favor.<\/p>\n<p>By comparison, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Equality Act<\/a>\u2014a bill that would ban discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity\u2014passed the House in February 2021 with a close vote of 224 to 206, with only 3 Republicans voting in favor.<\/p>\n<p>Hopefully, this surprising show of bipartisan support will reflect in the passage of the Equality Act, which has been sent to the Senate for deliberation.<\/p>\n<h2>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)<\/h2>\n<p>Keep reading for answers to common questions about the Respect for Marriage Act (RFMA) and its protections.<\/p>\n<h3>Can States Still Refuse To Issue Marriage Licenses to Same-Sex Couples?\u00a0<\/h3>\n<p>Yes. The RFMA only requires that all states recognize marriage licenses issued to same-sex couples in other states that issue them. If you&#8217;re a same-sex couple looking to get married and your state laws do not permit licenses for same-sex marriages, you can travel <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/marriage\/state-laws-on-marriage.html\">to a state that does<\/a>, and your state will be required to recognize your marriage under RFMA.<\/p>\n<h3>What Protections Does RFMA Provide for Interracial Couples?<\/h3>\n<p>RFMA guarantees the right for an interracial couple to marry. Both the right to interracial marriage and same-sex marriage are ensured as part of a federal statute in the case that these rights are rescinded in the future by the overturning of\u00a0<i><a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme-court-insights\/loving-v--virginia-case-summary.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Loving v. Virginia<\/a><\/i>\u2014which granted Americans the right for an interracial couple to marry\u2014or\u00a0<i>Obergefell v. Hodges<\/i>\u2014which granted Americans the right for a same-sex couple to marry.<\/p>\n<h3>Did Justice Clarence Thomas Target Any Other Rights in his <i>Dobbs v. Jackson Women&#8217;s Health Organization<\/i> Concurring Opinion?<\/h3>\n<p>Yes. Justice Clarence Thomas explicitly pointed to both the\u00a0<i><a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme-court-insights\/griswold-v--connecticut-case-summary.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Griswold v. Connecticut<\/a><\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0<i><a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme-court-insights\/the-lawrence-v--texas-decision-explained.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Lawrence v. Texas<\/a><\/i>\u00a0cases in addition to\u00a0<i>Obergefell v. Hodges<\/i>\u00a0when referring to his suggestion that the U.S. Supreme Court reconsider all \u201csubstantive due process precedents.&#8221;\u00a0<i>Griswold<\/i>\u00a0granted Americans the right to use contraception, and\u00a0<i>Lawrence<\/i>\u00a0granted the right to engage in consensual private sexual acts.<\/p>\n<h3>What Happened to the Defense of Marriage Act of 1996 (DOMA)?<\/h3>\n<p>After being signed into law by President Clinton in 1996, DOMA faced constitutional challenges in court. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/104th-congress\/house-bill\/3396\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Section 2 of DOMA<\/a> permitted states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriage licenses granted in other states.<\/p>\n<p>Section 3 of DOMA limited the definition of marriage to one man and one woman and codified the federal non-recognition of same-sex marriages. Although DOMA was entirely unenforceable after <i>Windsor<\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0<i>Obergefell<\/i>, RFMA provided the official repeal of DOMA.<\/p>\n<h3>Does RFMA Provide Protections for Transgender People?<\/h3>\n<p>No. Unfortunately, RFMA does not provide any protections for transgender people. However, if Congress passes the Equality Act, LGBTQ+ people would be extended protections against discrimination in not only employment\u2014as granted in the U.S. Supreme Court&#8217;s decision in <i><a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme-court-insights\/bostock-v--clayton-county-case-summary-.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Bostock v. Clayton County<\/a><\/i>\u2014but also:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Housing<\/li>\n<li>Public spaces<\/li>\n<li>Health care<\/li>\n<li>Federally funded programs<\/li>\n<li>Education<\/li>\n<li>Credit<\/li>\n<li>Jury service<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the Senate receives a Democratic majority in the future, there is a strong likelihood of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/lgbtq-law\/the-equality-act.html\">Equality Act<\/a> becoming law.<\/p>\n<h3>How Does RFMA Affect Religious Liberty?<\/h3>\n<p>Section 6 of RFMA provides nonprofit religious organizations with explicit religious freedom by not requiring these religious organizations to provide services for any marriage, including those of same-sex couples or interracial couples. RFMA created a division between religious groups but eventually had support from some religious groups after Democrat and Republican senators amended RFMA to include religious freedom protections in Section 6.<\/p>\n<h2>Getting Legal Help With a Same-Sex Marriage<\/h2>\n<div>\n<div id=\"rEbjJDpXHH473B7WvYsvR-content-0\">\n<p>An attorney can explain how the Respect for Marriage Act applies to your relationship and clarify the rights and protections it provides. They can also guide you through related issues, like state recognition, questions about religious liberty, or potential future legal changes. This can help you understand and anticipate how the law may affect your marriage or family.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>FindLaw&#8217;s directories of <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/civil-rights\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">civil rights lawyers<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/constitutional-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">constitutional lawyers<\/a> can get you started. Enter your location (city or ZIP code) for a list of qualified legal advisors near you. Because state law is relevant, your attorney should be licensed in your state. 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