{"id":355610,"date":"2016-04-04T10:41:57","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:41:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/civilrights\/civil-rights-overview\/where-do-civil-rights-come-from.html"},"modified":"2023-10-09T11:17:40","modified_gmt":"2023-10-09T16:17:40","slug":"where-do-civil-rights-come-from","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/civil-rights-overview\/where-do-civil-rights-come-from.html","title":{"rendered":"Where Do Civil Rights Come From?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Where Do Civil Rights Come From?<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw Staff<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/aviana-cooper-esq\/\">Aviana Cooper, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            October 09, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n<p>Civil rights usually arise from laws, legislation, and case law prohibiting&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/civil-rights-overview\/what-is-discrimination.html\">discrimination<\/a>&nbsp;and protecting your constitutional rights. There are many legal definitions of discriminatory acts. These originate at the federal level through federal legislation or court decisions.<\/p>\r\n<p>Examples of federal legislation are the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/employment-discrimination\/americans-with-disabilities-act-of-1990-titles-i-and-v.html\">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990<\/a>&nbsp;(ADA). Other federal acts, supplemented by court decisions, prohibit discrimination in:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Voter rights<\/li>\r\n<li>Housing<\/li>\r\n<li>Extension of credit<\/li>\r\n<li>Public education<\/li>\r\n<li>Access to public facilities<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Examples of federal court decisions include the U.S. Supreme Court case&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/347\/483.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Brown v. Board of Education<\/i><\/a><i>.&nbsp;<\/i>That case was the impetus for ridding the nation of racial segregation in public schools. One of its goals was to achieve educational equality for African Americans. The case provided a significant catalyst for the civil rights movement. Other Supreme Court cases have shaped the definition of civil rights violations like&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/477\/57.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sexual harassment<\/a>&nbsp;and the legality of anti-discrimination remedies like affirmative action programs.<\/p>\r\n<p>This article first provides an overview of federal legislation protecting civil rights. It also discusses civil rights cases. Finally, we&#8217;ll address state legislation on the topic of civil rights.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Federal Legislation<\/h2>\r\n<p>Congress enacted many civil rights laws. For example, the Civil Rights Act was a ground-breaking piece of civil rights legislation passed by the federal government in 1964. The Act established many civil rights in various aspects of life. Areas of life affected by the Act include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Public accommodations and public facilities<\/li>\r\n<li>Education<\/li>\r\n<li>Voting<\/li>\r\n<li>Employment<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/employment-discrimination\/title-vii-of-the-civil-rights-act-of-1964-equal-employment.html\">Title VII<\/a>&nbsp;of the Act granted employees the right to a discrimination-free workplace by prohibiting employers from discriminating on the basis of:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Sex (including sexual orientation, gender, pregnancy, and gender identity)<\/li>\r\n<li>Color<\/li>\r\n<li>Race<\/li>\r\n<li>Religion<\/li>\r\n<li>National origin<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Other examples of federal legislation providing civil rights protection include the following:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/other-constitutional-rights\/the-voting-rights-act-of-1965-overview.html\">Voting Rights Act of 1965<\/a>&nbsp;(VRA) confers upon all citizens the full right to vote without discrimination on the basis of race, color, or language<\/li>\r\n<li>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/fair-housing-act.html\">Fair Housing Act<\/a>&nbsp;(FHA) establishes fair housing rights for all Americans. The FHA bans discrimination in the sale and rental of housing based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, and disability<\/li>\r\n<li>Title III of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/the-americans-with-disabilities-act-overview.html\">Americans with Disabilities Act<\/a>&nbsp;(ADA) gives people with disabilities the right to equal access to services and benefits of businesses and buildings<\/li>\r\n<li>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/consumer\/credit-banking-finance\/equal-credit-opportunity-for-consumers.html\">Equal Credit Opportunity Act<\/a>&nbsp;ensures that all consumers have an equal opportunity to get credit<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Federal Court Decisions<\/h2>\r\n<p>Civil rights also stem from federal court decisions. This is especially true of U.S. Supreme Court decisions.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/344\/1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Brown v. The Board of Education<\/i><\/a>&nbsp;is a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision. It invalidated state laws establishing separate public schools for Black and white students and required true desegregation.&nbsp;<i>Brown<\/i>&nbsp;granted the right to have integrated public schools by overturning&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/163\/537.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Plessy v. Ferguson<\/i><\/a>. That case established the &quot;separate but equal&quot; doctrine.<\/p>\r\n<p>Another major Supreme Court decision was&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme-court-insights\/obergefell-v--hodges-case-summary-and-significance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Obergefell v. Hodges<\/i><\/a>. The Court determined that state bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional. The Court relied on the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution in reaching its decision.<\/p>\r\n<h2>State Legislation<\/h2>\r\n<p>Today, most states have civil rights laws mirroring federal laws. For example, in Texas,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us\/Docs\/LA\/htm\/LA.21.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Title 2, Chapter 21 of the Labor Code<\/a>&nbsp;prohibits employment discrimination. Many of the mandates in this Texas law are based on Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the federal law making employment discrimination unlawful.<\/p>\r\n<p>State municipalities (such as cities, counties, and towns) can create civil rights laws or ordinances. These may or may not resemble the state&#8217;s laws. For example, a city may pass legislation requiring domestic partner benefits for city employees and their same-sex partners, even though no such law exists at the state level.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Talk to a Civil Rights Attorney Today<\/h2>\r\n<p>Knowing the origin of the civil rights laws that protect you from discrimination is helpful. Knowing how to deal with the injustice of a civil liberties violation is even more useful. Whether you live in New York or Washington, D.C., knowing your rights is essential.<\/p>\r\n<p>If you&#8217;re facing housing discrimination, disability discrimination, or another civil rights violation, talk to a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/civil-rights\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">civil rights attorney<\/a>. You have a right to equal protection of the laws. An attorney can help you determine if you have a valid claim and can help you take the proper steps to address your human rights concerns.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" 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<div class=\"fl-editors-summary\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content\">\n                    <h2>Can I Solve This on My Own or Do I Need an Attorney?<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\">\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"fl-list-style-none\">\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Most civil rights cases need the help of an attorney\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Complex civil rights cases (such as employment discrimination, racial segregation, or discrimination based on gender) need the support of a lawyer\n\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n                <p>An attorney can help you enforce your civil rights and other constitutional rights. Many offer free consultations and can offer tailored advice during your court case.<\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link fl-flex\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link\">\n                <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <p class=\"find-attorney\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/civil-rights\/#USER_GEO\/?fli=esum:FL10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Find a local attorney<\/a><\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"email-subscription fl-mb30\">\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-header\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-content\">\n            <h3 class=\"fl-callout-sm fl-no-margin\">Stay Up-to-Date With How the Law Affects Your Life<\/h3>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-image fl-flex fl-items-end\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\"\n                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                   <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This FindLaw article discusses the various origins of civil rights laws, including state and federal legislation and federal court decisions<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41135,"featured_media":0,"parent":355587,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticleWithBreadcrumbsController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_autodraft_ids":[],"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_sb_is_suggestion_mode":false,"_sb_show_suggestion_boards":false,"_sb_show_comment_boards":false,"_sb_suggestion_history":"","_sb_update_block_changes":"","_is_real_time_mode":false,"_realtime_collaborators":"","footnotes":"","cf_checklist_status":[]},"categories":[2736],"tags":[],"state_laws_tags":[],"flmsa":[],"class_list":["post-355610","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-civilrights"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/355610","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/41135"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=355610"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/355610\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/355587"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=355610"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=355610"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=355610"},{"taxonomy":"state_laws_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/state_laws_tags?post=355610"},{"taxonomy":"flmsa","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/flmsa?post=355610"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}