{"id":355628,"date":"2016-04-04T10:41:57","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:41:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/civilrights\/discrimination\/discrimination-in-education-federal-laws.html"},"modified":"2023-10-10T13:42:58","modified_gmt":"2023-10-10T18:42:58","slug":"discrimination-in-education-federal-laws","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/discrimination-in-education-federal-laws.html","title":{"rendered":"Discrimination in Education &#8211; Federal Laws"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Discrimination in Education &#8211; Federal Laws<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/taylar-simone-mccants-j-d\/\">Taylar-Simone McCants, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/aviana-cooper-esq\/\">Aviana Cooper, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            October 10, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n<p>Discrimination in education occurs when there is unfair treatment of individuals based on characteristics protected by law. This is a civil rights violation. These protected characteristics include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Sexual orientation<\/li>\r\n<li>Age<\/li>\r\n<li>Disability<\/li>\r\n<li>Gender<\/li>\r\n<li>National origin<\/li>\r\n<li>Race<\/li>\r\n<li>Religion<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Teachers, administrators, or other students can perpetrate discriminatory action. Examples include harsher treatment of minority students compared to their non-minority counterparts on punishments like:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Suspension<\/li>\r\n<li>Unfair grading policies<\/li>\r\n<li>The allowance of discriminatory behavior perpetrated by other students in the classroom<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>The federal government has enacted statutory protections to prevent discrimination in education. Besides federal laws, states have their own nondiscrimination state laws that supplement federal protections, such as the CROWN Act. Also, schools often have coordinators responsible for addressing discrimination complaints to ensure compliance with these education laws.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>Several federal civil rights laws prohibit discrimination in programs or activities that receive federal financial aid from the U.S. Department of Education. These laws apply to both private and public schools receiving federal funding. Federal agencies enforce these civil rights laws. These agencies are the U.S. Department of Education&#8217;s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) and the Department of Justice. The OCR aims to uphold civil rights and enforce equal educational opportunities for all.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>OCR provides guidance and enforces laws by:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Investigating complaints<\/li>\r\n<li>Conducting compliance reviews<\/li>\r\n<li>Offering technical help to schools from K-12 and higher education<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Key federal laws addressing discrimination in education include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/title-vi-of-the-civil-rights-act-of-1964-non-discrimination-in.html\">Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964<\/a>:&nbsp;Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, and national origin<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/education\/discrimination-harassment-at-school\/liability-under-title-ix-parties-and-standards.html\">Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972<\/a>:&nbsp;Prohibits sex discrimination<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/education\/special-education-and-disabilities\/504-accommodations-in-schools.html\">Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973<\/a>:&nbsp;Prohibits disability discrimination<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/the-americans-with-disabilities-act-overview.html\">Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990<\/a>&nbsp;(ADA): Prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability&nbsp;(Title II prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability by public entities, whether they receive federal financial aid)<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/age-discrimination-act-of-1975.html\">Age Discrimination Act of 1975<\/a>:&nbsp;Prohibits age discrimination.<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.ed.gov\/idea\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Individuals with Disabilities Education Act<\/a>: Ensures students with disabilities get a free, appropriate public education tailored to their specific needs.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Title VI of the Civil Rights Act<\/h2>\r\n<p>There are various Title VI violations. For instance, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/policy\/gen\/guid\/school-discipline\/data.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Department of Education reports<\/a>&nbsp;that African-American students receive suspensions and face&nbsp;expulsions at a rate three times greater than white students. In contrast, students with disabilities are twice as likely to receive an out-of-school suspension as their non-disabled peers. Title VI private schools can receive fines for not accepting minority students into their programs.<\/p>\r\n<h4>Retaliation<\/h4>\r\n<p>Under Title VI, a recipient may not retaliate against any person because they opposed an unlawful educational practice or policy or made changes, testified, or participated in any complaint under Title VI. If this does occur, it is a violation of Title VI.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Title IX of the Education Amendment of 1972<\/h2>\r\n<p>Under Title IX, schools, universities, and colleges must provide&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/gender-discrimination-in-education.html\">equal opportunities for both genders<\/a>&nbsp;in all aspects of education, including:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Athletics<\/li>\r\n<li>Course offerings<\/li>\r\n<li>Student health insurance benefits<\/li>\r\n<li>Employment<\/li>\r\n<li>Financial Aid<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Other Title IX violations include pregnancy discrimination, sexual harassment, and sexual assault. Institutions that fail to follow Title IX risk losing federal funding.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973<\/h2>\r\n<p>Under Section 504, educational institutions must make reasonable accommodations to help disabled students perform at acceptable levels. The goal is that disabled students have equal access to those without disabilities.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)<\/h2>\r\n<p>Under Title II, disabled students must have access to all:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Educational benefits<\/li>\r\n<li>Educational services<\/li>\r\n<li>Educational programs<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Also, failure to construct new buildings and update older buildings to ensure access is a violation of the ADA.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Age Discrimination Act<\/h2>\r\n<p>The Age Discrimination Act protects students of all ages in educational opportunities unless the program has a valid reason for restricting students due to their age.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Applicable Programs and Facilities<\/h2>\r\n<p>These civil rights laws extend to all education programs and facilities that receive federal financial aid from the U.S. Department of Education, including:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>State education agencies<\/li>\r\n<li>Elementary and secondary school systems<\/li>\r\n<li>Colleges and universities<\/li>\r\n<li>Vocational schools<\/li>\r\n<li>Proprietary schools<\/li>\r\n<li>State vocational rehabilitation agencies<\/li>\r\n<li>Libraries<\/li>\r\n<li>Museums<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Programs or activities that receive ED funds must provide aid, benefits, or services in a nondiscriminatory manner. Such aids, benefits, or services may include, but are not limited to:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Admissions<\/li>\r\n<li>Recruitment<\/li>\r\n<li>Financial aid<\/li>\r\n<li>Academic programs<\/li>\r\n<li>Student treatment and services<\/li>\r\n<li>Counseling and guidance<\/li>\r\n<li>Discipline<\/li>\r\n<li>Classroom assignment<\/li>\r\n<li>Grading<\/li>\r\n<li>Vocational education<\/li>\r\n<li>Recreation<\/li>\r\n<li>Physical education<\/li>\r\n<li>Athletics<\/li>\r\n<li>Housing<\/li>\r\n<li>Employment<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)<\/h2>\r\n<p>The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act outlines the rights of children with disabilities to receive special education and related services in U.S. public schools. Under IDEA, students with disabilities must have an individualized education program developed for them.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Get Legal Help From an Attorney<\/h2>\r\n<p>If you think you or your child has experienced discrimination in education, you can get help from an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/discrimination\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">attorney specializing in discrimination matters<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M6 21H3C2.46957 21 1.96086 20.7893 1.58579 20.4142C1.21071 20.0391 1 19.5304 1 19V12C1 11.4696 1.21071 10.9609 1.58579 10.5858C1.96086 10.2107 2.46957 10 3 10H6M13 8V4C13 3.20435 12.6839 2.44129 12.1213 1.87868C11.5587 1.31607 10.7956 1 10 1L6 10V21H17.28C17.7623 21.0055 18.2304 20.8364 18.5979 20.524C18.9654 20.2116 19.2077 19.7769 19.28 19.3L20.66 10.3C20.7035 10.0134 20.6842 9.72068 20.6033 9.44225C20.5225 9.16382 20.3821 8.90629 20.1919 8.68751C20.0016 8.46873 19.7661 8.29393 19.5016 8.17522C19.2371 8.0565 18.9499 7.99672 18.66 8H13Z\"\n                              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id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M16 0.999995H18.67C19.236 0.989986 19.7859 1.18813 20.2154 1.55681C20.645 1.9255 20.9242 2.43905 21 3V10C20.9242 10.5609 20.645 11.0745 20.2154 11.4432C19.7859 11.8119 19.236 12.01 18.67 12H16M9.00003 14V18C9.00003 18.7956 9.3161 19.5587 9.87871 20.1213C10.4413 20.6839 11.2044 21 12 21L16 12V0.999995H4.72003C4.2377 0.994543 3.76965 1.16359 3.40212 1.47599C3.0346 1.78839 2.79235 2.22309 2.72003 2.7L1.34003 11.7C1.29652 11.9866 1.31586 12.2793 1.39669 12.5577C1.47753 12.8362 1.61793 13.0937 1.80817 13.3125C1.99842 13.5313 2.23395 13.7061 2.49846 13.8248C2.76297 13.9435 3.05012 14.0033 3.34003 14H9.00003Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3423\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                       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class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Easy to understand\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                        >Easy to understand<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Solved 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for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--negative\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this not helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n                        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                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date<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    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rights cases need the help of an attorney\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Complex civil rights cases (such as employment discrimination, racial segregation, or discrimination based on gender) need the support of a lawyer\n\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n                <p>An attorney can help you enforce your civil rights and other constitutional rights. 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