{"id":355640,"date":"2016-04-04T10:42:00","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/civilrights\/discrimination\/federal-religious-freedom-restoration-act-overview.html"},"modified":"2026-06-09T14:54:52","modified_gmt":"2026-06-09T19:54:52","slug":"federal-religious-freedom-restoration-act-overview","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/federal-religious-freedom-restoration-act-overview.html","title":{"rendered":"The Federal Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) Explained"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">The Federal Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) Explained<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/balrina-ahluwalia-esq\/\">Balrina Ahluwalia, Esq.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/laura-temme-esq\/\">Laura Temme, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            June 09, 2026\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-key-takeaways fl-mb30\" data-testid=\"fl-key-takeaways\">\n    <div class=\"fl-card-content\">\n        <div class=\"fl-card-body fl-card-bg-teal fl-flex fl-flex-column\">\n                            <h2 class=\"fl-card-title fl-h2 fl-no-margin\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n                        <p>The Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) is a federal law tThe Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) is a federal law that protects people from government actions that burden their religious practices. Passed in 1993, RFRA requires the federal government to meet strict scrutiny before substantially burdening religious exercise.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div><p>Congress passed the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> in response to court decisions that they felt weakened <span data-term-id=\"57956715\">religious liberty<\/span>. The <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> made it tougher for the government to interfere with people\u2019s <span data-term-id=\"57956731\">religious practices<\/span>. It remains one of the strongest legal protections for <span data-term-id=\"57956741\">religious rights<\/span> in the United States. Understanding how this law works can help you protect your rights and recognize violations.<\/p>\n<p>This article provides:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>An overview of the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>, including <a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the\u00a0<span data-term-id=\"57956724\">U.S. <\/span><span data-term-id=\"57956712\">Supreme Court<\/span>&#8216;<\/a>s interpretation of the law<\/li>\n<li>Key ways the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> protects a <span data-term-id=\"57956736\">person\u2019s exercise of religion<\/span>, as well as its limitations<\/li>\n<li>Practical insight into how this federal statute operates in real life<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you suspect your rights have been violated, consider contacting a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/civil-rights\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-term-id=\"57956721\">civil rights<\/span> attorney<\/a>. Doing so doesn\u2019t mean you\u2019re going to sue anyone, but it can ensure that you\u2019re informed about your legal options and the remedies available to you.<\/p>\n<p>In the meantime, let\u2019s start with some <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> basics.<\/p>\n<h2>What the <span data-term-id=\"57956711\">Religious Freedom Restoration Act<\/span> Does<\/h2>\n<p>The <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> protects people from <span data-term-id=\"57956725\">federal government<\/span> rules or actions that burden their <span data-term-id=\"57956731\">religious practices<\/span>. When those burdens arise, the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> requires the government to justify them under the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/law-and-life\/challenging-laws-3-levels-of-scrutiny-explained\/\">highest standard in constitutional law<\/a>. We call this standard \u201cstrict scrutiny.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Under the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>, the <span data-term-id=\"57956725\">federal government<\/span> is prohibited from placing a substantial burden on <span data-term-id=\"57956722\">religious exercise<\/span> unless it can satisfy this standard. Strict scrutiny requires the government to show two things:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It has a <span data-term-id=\"57956719\">compelling governmental interest<\/span><\/li>\n<li>It\u2019s using the <span data-term-id=\"57956727\">least restrictive means<\/span> to achieve that interest<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"57956719\">Compelling governmental interests<\/span> must be of the utmost importance, such as protecting public safety or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/civil-rights-overview\/what-is-discrimination.html\">preventing discrimination<\/a>. The second requirement means the government must address the compelling interest with the approach that least interferes with the <span data-term-id=\"57956716\">free exercise of religion<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>If the government can\u2019t satisfy this test, courts can block the enforcement of the relevant law. They can also grant <span data-term-id=\"57956718\">exemptions<\/span> or require the government to change how it applies certain rules.<\/p>\n<p>The <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> applies only to the <span data-term-id=\"57956725\">federal government<\/span>. It can also influence how the states treat <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/civil-rights-overview\/civil-liberties.html\"><span data-term-id=\"57956730\">civil liberties<\/span><\/a> and <span data-term-id=\"57956759\">constitutional rights<\/span>. Many have passed their own <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRAs<\/span> to shield <span data-term-id=\"57956731\">religious practices<\/span> from local interference.<\/p>\n<h2>Doesn\u2019t the <span data-term-id=\"57956713\">First Amendment<\/span> Protect Religious Freedom?<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/freedom-of-religion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The <span data-term-id=\"57956713\">First Amendment<\/span> protects religious freedom<\/a> through two key clauses. The <span data-term-id=\"57956732\">Free Exercise Clause<\/span> protects people&#8217;s right to practice their faith, while the <span data-term-id=\"57956735\">Establishment Clause<\/span> prevents the government from promoting or supporting one religion over another.<\/p>\n<p>Together, these clauses create a strong promise of <span data-term-id=\"57956715\">religious liberty<\/span>. For many years, the <span data-term-id=\"57956712\">Supreme Court<\/span> didn\u2019t apply a clear or consistent test to protect <span data-term-id=\"57956731\">religious practice<\/span>. As a result, people sometimes had to follow general laws even when they conflicted with their beliefs. This uneven protection highlighted the need for stronger safeguards.<\/p>\n<h2>Background of the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Before the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>, <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the <span data-term-id=\"57956713\">First Amendment<\/span><\/a> didn\u2019t provide strong, consistent protection for <span data-term-id=\"57956722\">religious exercise<\/span>. It fully protected <span data-term-id=\"57956723\">religious beliefs<\/span>, but the Court often allowed limits on <span data-term-id=\"57956731\">religious practices<\/span> whenever the government had a reasonable goal.<\/p>\n<p>At the same time, <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment1\/annotation02.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Establishment Clause <\/a>\u00a0focused on preventing government-sponsored religion, not on shielding people from burdens on their faith. Hampered by these interpretations, protection of <span data-term-id=\"57956731\">religious practices<\/span> was varied and sometimes weak until the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Certain <span data-term-id=\"57956756\">Supreme Court<\/span><span data-term-id=\"57956756\"> decisions<\/span> led to the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> and helped shape its boundaries. Let\u2019s examine some of the most important ones.<\/p>\n<h3>Sherbert vs. Verner (1963)<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/374\/398.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span data-term-id=\"57956739\">Sherbert v. Verner<\/span><\/em><\/a> was a major turning point for religious freedom. The 1963 case centered on Adell Sherbert, who lost her job after refusing to work on her Sabbath. The state denied her <span data-term-id=\"57956747\">unemployment benefits<\/span> based on this refusal. Sherbert sued, claiming the denial violated her <span data-term-id=\"57956713\">First Amendment<\/span> Free Exercise rights.<\/p>\n<p>The Court agreed and established what came to be known as the <em>Sherbert <\/em>test. It held that when the government substantially burdens a person\u2019s <span data-term-id=\"57956722\">religious exercise<\/span>, it must show a compelling interest and use the <span data-term-id=\"57956727\">least restrictive means<\/span>. Though the Sherbert test reflects strict scrutiny, the Court didn\u2019t reference it as such since the standard was still developing as a formal doctrine at the time.<\/p>\n<p>Regardless, the ruling made it harder for the government to restrict <span data-term-id=\"57956722\">religious exercise<\/span>. It remained the standard in <span data-term-id=\"57956732\">Free Exercise Clause<\/span> cases for decades.<\/p>\n<h3>Wisconsin vs. Yoder (1972)<\/h3>\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/406\/205.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span data-term-id=\"57956757\">Wisconsin v. Yoder<\/span><\/em><\/a>, the Court affirmed <em>Sherbert<\/em>. This case involved a group of Amish parents who challenged the <span data-term-id=\"57956743\">constitutionality<\/span> of Wisconsin\u2019s compulsory education law, which required all children in the state to attend school until age 16. The families claimed sending their children to high school conflicted with their <span data-term-id=\"57956723\">religious beliefs<\/span> and way of life.<\/p>\n<p>Applying the <em>Sherbert<\/em> test, the Court agreed. It found that Wisconsin\u2019s interest in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/education.html\">universal education<\/a> didn\u2019t adequately justify forcing the children to attend two extra years of school. The Court explained that the law burdened the families\u2019 <span data-term-id=\"57956722\">religious exercise<\/span> and that the state could have achieved its goals in a less restrictive way.<\/p>\n<p>The decision strengthened the <em>Sherbert<\/em> framework. It showed that the Court was willing to exempt parties on religious grounds from <span data-term-id=\"57956749\">applicable laws<\/span> when the government could not meet the demanding standard.<\/p>\n<h3>Employment Division vs. Smith (1990)<\/h3>\n<p>In 1990, the Court dramatically changed course in <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/494\/872.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span data-term-id=\"57956726\">Employment Division v. Smith<\/span><\/em><\/a>. The case involved two <span data-term-id=\"57956738\">Native American<\/span> men who used <span data-term-id=\"57956742\">peyote<\/span> in a <span data-term-id=\"57956755\">religious ceremony<\/span>. They were fired for violating an Oregon <span data-term-id=\"57956750\">state law<\/span> banning the use of the drug. This violation also disqualified them from receiving <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/losing-a-job\/unemployment-insurance-overview.html\"><span data-term-id=\"57956747\">unemployment benefits<\/span><\/a>, which the state then denied. They sued, arguing that this denial violated their free exercise rights.<\/p>\n<p>The Court disagreed. It said that free exercise doesn\u2019t require religious <span data-term-id=\"57956718\">exemptions<\/span> from neutral, generally <span data-term-id=\"57956749\">applicable laws<\/span>. The government doesn\u2019t have to justify burdens on <span data-term-id=\"57956722\">religious exercise<\/span> if they\u2019re created by neutral laws that apply to everyone equally. In other words, a neutral <span data-term-id=\"57956744\">rule of general applicability<\/span> doesn\u2019t trigger strict scrutiny, or any heightened review under the <span data-term-id=\"57956732\">Free Exercise Clause<\/span>, even when it burdens <span data-term-id=\"57956731\">religious practice<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>Smith <\/em>ruling drew widespread criticism. Opponents included legislators and a broad coalition of religious and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/civil-rights-overview\/civil-rights-vs-civil-liberties.html\"><span data-term-id=\"57956730\">civil liberties<\/span><\/a> groups. They saw the decision as sharply weakening constitutional protections for <span data-term-id=\"57956731\">religious practice<\/span>. Regardless, <em>Smith<\/em> remained the governing rule for free exercise challenges to neutral, generally <span data-term-id=\"57956749\">applicable laws<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h2>Passage of the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> and Further Developments<\/h2>\n<p>In 1993, Congress responded to the <em>Smith <\/em>decision by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/crs-product\/IF11490\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">passing the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span><\/a>. It didn\u2019t overrule <em>Smith<\/em> or change constitutional doctrine, but it did create a statutory cause of action requiring strict scrutiny as the standard in free exercise cases. The <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> applied to all levels of government until the <span data-term-id=\"57956712\">Supreme Court<\/span> narrowed its scope four years later.<\/p>\n<h3>City of Boerne vs. Flores (1997)<\/h3>\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/521\/507.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span data-term-id=\"57956729\">City of Boerne v. Flores<\/span><\/em><\/a>, the Court held that Congress can\u2019t impose the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> on state and local governments. Doing so exceeded Congress\u2019s power under the <span data-term-id=\"57956760\">Fourteenth Amendment<\/span>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment14\/annotation38.html#:~:text=the%20Fourteenth%20Amendment.-,City%20of%20Boerne%20v.%20Flores,-In%201993%2C%20Congress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court\u2019s ruling<\/a> limited the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>\u2019s reach to the <span data-term-id=\"57956725\">federal government<\/span> and remains fully controlling today.<\/p>\n<p>After <em>Boerne <\/em>struck down state-level application of the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>, many states enacted their own <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>-style laws or constitutional amendments to protect <span data-term-id=\"57956722\">religious exercise<\/span> from state and local government burdens. <a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/tx\/civil-practice-and-remedies-code\/civ-prac-rem-sect-110-001\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-term-id=\"57956746\">Texas<\/span><\/a>, Florida, and Illinois were some of the first states to pass \u201cstate <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRAs<\/span>\u201d in the late 1990s, with others soon following. As of 2026, about half of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/religious-freedom-acts-by-state.html\">the states have implemented protections<\/a> for <span data-term-id=\"57956722\">religious exercise<\/span> similar to the federal <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h3><span data-term-id=\"57956740\">RLUIPA<\/span> (2000)<\/h3>\n<p>After <em>Boerne<\/em> limited the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> to the <span data-term-id=\"57956725\">federal government<\/span>, the law no longer reached state prisons or local zoning boards. Congress saw this gap as a problem because people in these two settings faced some of the most serious burdens on religion. It passed the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/the-religious-land-use-and-institutionalized-persons-act.html\"><span data-term-id=\"57956748\">Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act<\/span> (<span data-term-id=\"57956740\">RLUIPA<\/span>)<\/a> in 2000 to address the issue. This <span data-term-id=\"57956720\">federal law<\/span> restored strict scrutiny for <span data-term-id=\"57956722\">religious exercise<\/span> claims in two specific areas:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Land\u2011use regulation<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/other-constitutional-rights\/prisoners-rights.html\">Prisoner rights<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This meant that federal, state, and local governments can\u2019t substantially burden <span data-term-id=\"57956722\">religious exercise<\/span> in these domains without satisfying strict scrutiny.<\/p>\n<p>Congress tied the law to its well-established powers under the commerce and spending clauses. As such, it has survived several challenges of overreach.<\/p>\n<h3>Gonzales v. O Centro Esp\u00edrita Beneficente <span data-term-id=\"57956745\">Uni\u00e3o do Vegetal<\/span> (2006)<\/h3>\n<p>In 2006, the <span data-term-id=\"57956712\">Supreme Court<\/span> faced its first major <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> case after <em>Boerne<\/em>. The <em>Gonzales<\/em> case involved a small religious organization that used a tea called hoasca in its ceremonies. Hoasca contains DMT, a substance banned by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/controlled-substances-act-csa-overview.html\">the federal Controlled Substances Act<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>After federal agents seized a shipment of the church\u2019s ceremonial tea, the government told the church it could neither import nor use the tea. The church sued, claiming the <a href=\"https:\/\/health.clevelandclinic.org\/ayahuasca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tea was essential to its ceremonies<\/a> and that the ban placed a substantial burden on its <span data-term-id=\"57956731\">religious practice<\/span>. The government argued that it had a compelling interest in enforcing the law uniformly, with no exceptions.<\/p>\n<p>The Court ultimately ruled in favor of the church. It explained that the government can\u2019t rely on broad, general claims about drug enforcement. Rather, it had to show a compelling interest as applied to this specific <span data-term-id=\"57956731\">religious practice<\/span> and that no less restrictive alternative existed. The government offered no specific evidence that the church\u2019s sacramental use of the tea posed a threat to its interests, so the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> required the government to grant the church a religious exception.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/546\/418.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The decision<\/a> highlighted that <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> requires case\u2011by\u2011case, evidence-based justification, not blanket assertions. It also illustrated how the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> can override even strong federal regulatory schemes.<\/p>\n<h3>Burwell vs. Hobby Lobby Stores (2014)<\/h3>\n<p>In 2014, the <span data-term-id=\"57956712\">Supreme Court<\/span> expanded the types of parties who could claim protection under the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>. Before <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/13-354.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span data-term-id=\"57956733\">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores<\/span><\/em><\/a>, the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> had mainly been used by individuals and religious organizations, not businesses. In this case, Hobby Lobby&#8217;s owners used the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> to challenge a federal rule.<\/p>\n<p>They objected to an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/healthcare\/patient-rights\/obamacare-basics-understanding-the-affordable-care-act.html\"><span data-term-id=\"57956754\">Affordable Care Act<\/span> (ACA)<\/a> mandate requiring employers to cover certain <span data-term-id=\"57956728\">contraceptives<\/span> in their <span data-term-id=\"57956734\">health care<\/span> plans. The owners claimed some of those methods of <span data-term-id=\"57956728\">contraception<\/span> violated their <span data-term-id=\"57956723\">religious beliefs<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Ultimately, the Court said that closely held companies, like family-owned businesses, qualified as persons protected by the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>. While it agreed that the government\u2019s interest in expanding access to <span data-term-id=\"57956728\">contraception<\/span> was important, the Court ruled that the ACA rule still failed <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>The government placed a substantial burden on Hobby Lobby\u2019s <span data-term-id=\"57956722\">religious exercise<\/span>, but it hadn\u2019t used the <span data-term-id=\"57956727\">least restrictive means<\/span>. The ruling concluded that there were less restrictive ways to provide this access without forcing these companies to violate their beliefs. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/reproductive-rights\/the-hobby-lobby-case-contraception-and-religious-freedom.html\">This decision expanded <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> <\/a>protections to some businesses.<\/p>\n<h3>Tanzin vs. Tanvir (2020)<\/h3>\n<p>The Court later resolved some long-standing uncertainty about <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> remedies in <em>Tanzin v. Tanvir<\/em>. The 2020 case centered around three Muslim men who refused, for religious reasons, to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/about\/faqs\/what-is-the-fbis-policy-on-the-use-of-informants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">become FBI informants<\/a> in their faith communities. Shortly thereafter, they were added to the No\u2011Fly List.<\/p>\n<p>The men sued under the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>, arguing that the FBI&#8217;s retaliation substantially burdened their <span data-term-id=\"57956722\">religious exercise<\/span>. The government later removed them from the list, eliminating the need for an injunction. However, the question remained as to whether the men could pursue <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/legal-system\/what-are-compensatory-damages.html\">money damages<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> itself is silent on remedies. It says only that a person may obtain \u201cappropriate relief.\u201d Not surprisingly, courts interpreted this differently over the years.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/spr-crt-us\/2101129.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The <em>Tanvir <\/em>Court<\/a>, however, settled the question. It unanimously held that \u201cappropriate relief\u201d under the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> includes money damages against federal officials in their individual capacities. So, the <em>Tanvir <\/em>plaintiffs could continue their claims even though the injunction was no longer needed. The ruling clarified that people can seek damages from federal officials under the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h3>COVID\u201119 Vaccine Mandates<\/h3>\n<p>From 2021 to 2024, <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> claims featured prominently in lower court cases. In large part, these claims dealt with challenges to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/coronavirus-laws\/government-actions-during-a-pandemic.html\">federal COVID\u201119 vaccine mandates<\/a>. During the pandemic, service members, federal employees, and others used <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> to argue that vaccine rules placed a substantial burden on their <span data-term-id=\"57956722\">religious exercise<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Many plaintiffs said agencies created <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/law-and-life\/what-are-the-requirements-for-a-vaccine-religious-exemption\/\"><span data-term-id=\"57956718\">exemption<\/span> systems<\/a> that largely excluded religious requests. Others argued that the government had less restrictive ways to protect public health without forcing them to violate their beliefs.<\/p>\n<p>Ultimately, courts reached mixed results. Some judges found that agencies acted improperly under the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>. Others dismissed cases once the mandates were withdrawn or changed. As for the <span data-term-id=\"57956712\">Supreme Court<\/span>, it didn\u2019t weigh in on any of these cases. <a href=\"https:\/\/findlawdjm.libsyn.com\/the-constitutionality-of-vaccine-mandates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dynamic policies mooted many disputes<\/a>, with no clear conflict emerging among the lower courts.<\/p>\n<h2>How the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> Works in Practice<\/h2>\n<p>To understand the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>\u2019s real impact, it helps to see how the statute functions in actual disputes. The <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> isn\u2019t just a statement of values, but also a powerful legal tool. Parties can use it to challenge <span data-term-id=\"57956720\">federal laws<\/span> or to defend themselves when federal rules conflict with their <span data-term-id=\"57956722\">religious exercise<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Under the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> framework, claims follow a two\u2011step process. First, the claimant must show, by a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/filing-a-lawsuit\/standards-of-proof-in-civil-cases-preponderance-of-evidence-and-clear-and-convincing-evidence.html\">preponderance of evidence<\/a>, a substantial burden on their sincere <span data-term-id=\"57956731\">religious practices<\/span>. Once they do, the burden shifts to the government, which must then prove, also by a preponderance of evidence, that the challenged action satisfies strict scrutiny.<\/p>\n<p>The preponderance of evidence standard means the parties must show that it\u2019s more likely than not that their claims are true. Let\u2019s break down this process for offensive and defensive postures.<\/p>\n<h3>Using <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> as a Plaintiff<\/h3>\n<p>A party can file a lawsuit claiming that a <span data-term-id=\"57956720\">federal law<\/span> or <span data-term-id=\"57956725\">federal <\/span><span data-term-id=\"57956758\">government<\/span><span data-term-id=\"57956758\"> action<\/span> substantially burdens their <span data-term-id=\"57956722\">religious exercise<\/span>. They must do so by showing that their <span data-term-id=\"57956723\">religious belief<\/span> is sincere and that the burden is significant. Once they do, the burden shifts to the government to prove that it has a <span data-term-id=\"57956719\">compelling governmental interest<\/span> and is using the <span data-term-id=\"57956727\">least restrictive means<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Courts can grant <span data-term-id=\"57956718\">exemptions<\/span>, block enforcement, or provide other relief.<\/p>\n<h3>Using <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> as a Defense<\/h3>\n<p>A party can also use the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> as a defense when the <span data-term-id=\"57956725\">federal government<\/span> takes action against someone. For example, let\u2019s say <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tsa.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the TSA penalizes someone<\/a> for refusing to show their face during an identity verification step. The traveler may raise a <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> defense if their <span data-term-id=\"57956723\">religious beliefs<\/span> required them to keep their face covered in public.<\/p>\n<h3>Limitations of <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In discussions related to the <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> and its versatility, it\u2019s important to remember some of its main limitations:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It applies only to the <span data-term-id=\"57956725\">federal government<\/span><\/li>\n<li>It doesn\u2019t protect against lawsuits between private parties<\/li>\n<li>A person must show a substantial burden on sincerely held <span data-term-id=\"57956723\">religious beliefs<\/span><\/li>\n<li>The government can still win if it meets strict scrutiny<\/li>\n<li><span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span> cannot override <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Constitution<\/a> or change the rules on the <span data-term-id=\"57956751\">establishment of religion<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Together, these limits outline the boundaries of <span data-term-id=\"57956714\">RFRA<\/span>\u2019s otherwise wide federal reach.<\/p>\n<h2>Legal Guidance\u00a0<\/h2>\n<p>If you suspect the government of violating your free exercise rights, speak with an attorney. State, federal, and constitutional religious protections can create a confusing legal landscape. A <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/civil-rights\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">qualified <span data-term-id=\"57956721\">civil rights<\/span> lawyer<\/a> licensed in your state can help you make sense of the overlapping rules. More importantly, they can help you understand the options and <a href=\"https:\/\/corporate.findlaw.com\/litigation-disputes\/civil-litigation\/civil-remedies\/page-2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">remedies<\/a> available to you under <span data-term-id=\"57956749\">applicable law<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Identifying an attorney you can trust who also has the qualifications you seek can be overwhelming. Because this is a common difficulty, FindLaw has made <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/civil-rights\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its directory of <span data-term-id=\"57956721\">civil rights<\/span> attorneys<\/a> free to the public. After selecting your location, you can view credentials, ratings, and other information about experts in your area, including those who offer free consultations. Look for someone with experience in cases like yours, and arrange a meeting.<\/p>\n<p>Our beliefs about religion usually reflect our most deeply held convictions. Take the first step in ensuring their protection.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n               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1.47599C3.0346 1.78839 2.79235 2.22309 2.72003 2.7L1.34003 11.7C1.29652 11.9866 1.31586 12.2793 1.39669 12.5577C1.47753 12.8362 1.61793 13.0937 1.80817 13.3125C1.99842 13.5313 2.23395 13.7061 2.49846 13.8248C2.76297 13.9435 3.05012 14.0033 3.34003 14H9.00003Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3423\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/div>\n    <span class=\"was-this-helpful__taken-action fl-text-sm-bold\"><\/span>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-container\">\n        <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n            <p 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for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        >Too complicated \/ too many steps<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div 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                   <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn how the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) protects religious freedom. 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