{"id":355646,"date":"2016-04-04T10:41:57","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:41:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/civilrights\/discrimination\/gender-discrimination-u-s-supreme-court-cases.html"},"modified":"2023-08-28T12:35:10","modified_gmt":"2023-08-28T17:35:10","slug":"gender-discrimination-u-s-supreme-court-cases","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/gender-discrimination-u-s-supreme-court-cases.html","title":{"rendered":"Gender Discrimination: US Supreme Court Cases"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Gender Discrimination: US Supreme Court Cases<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/lark-lewis-j-d\/\">Lark Lewis, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/aviana-cooper-esq\/\">Aviana Cooper, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            August 28, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n<p>Gender discrimination \u2014 sometimes called sex discrimination \u2014 is a form of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination.html\">discrimination<\/a>&nbsp;that includes many different aspects of everyday life.<\/p>\r\n<p>Sex discrimination happens when you&#8217;re treated unfavorably based on your sex, or biological characteristics. This includes discrimination due to your gender identity or sexual orientation. Gender discrimination is a type of sex discrimination. Gender refers to socially constructed characteristics of males and females. The terms &quot;gender&quot; and &quot;sex&quot; are often used interchangeably.<\/p>\r\n<p>It is illegal to treat someone unfairly or inappropriately due to their sex. There are many anti-discrimination laws in place. Americans have constitutional rights, state laws, and agencies to protect these rights. One agency that handles gender discrimination employment decisions is the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eeoc.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>To add more protection, courts have also extended coverage of sex discrimination to include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Discrimination due to pregnancy<\/li>\r\n<li>Sexual harassment<\/li>\r\n<li>Sexual orientation<\/li>\r\n<li>Gender identity (being transgender or identifying as nonbinary)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Still, the scope of federal gender discrimination protections for LGBTQ+ individuals is unsettled. These issues remain contentious.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Important Gender Discrimination Cases<\/h2>\r\n<p>Below is a list of U.S. Supreme Court cases involving gender discrimination and women&#8217;s rights. Each case gives a short summary and includes links to the full text of the U.S. Supreme Court decisions.<\/p>\r\n<h3><i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/414\/632.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;(1974)<\/h3>\r\n<p>The Supreme Court found that Ohio public schools&#8217; mandatory maternity leave rules for pregnant teachers violate due process guarantees under the Constitution.<\/p>\r\n<h3><i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/477\/57.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;(1986)<\/h3>\r\n<p>The court held that a claim of &quot;hostile environment&quot; sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination and a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.<\/p>\r\n<h3><i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/480\/616.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Johnson v. Transportation Agency<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;(1987)<\/h3>\r\n<p>The court decided that a county transportation agency appropriately considered an employee&#8217;s sex as one factor in determining her promotion eligibility. This was not considered workplace discrimination based on gender.<\/p>\r\n<h3><i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/503\/60.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;(1992)<\/h3>\r\n<p>The court decided that an award of monetary damages is possible in a case brought to enforce Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 and alleging sexual harassment and abuse by a teacher.<\/p>\r\n<h3><i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/511\/127.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;(1994)<\/h3>\r\n<p>The court held that prosecutors may not use peremptory challenges to dismiss jurors based on sex.<\/p>\r\n<h3><i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/518\/515.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United States v. Virginia<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;(1996)<\/h3>\r\n<p>The court found that sex-based &quot;separate but equal&quot; military training facilities are in violation of the Equal Protection Clause.<\/p>\r\n<h3><i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/524\/775.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Faragher v. City of Boca Raton<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;(1998)<\/h3>\r\n<p>The court decided that an employer may be liable for sexual discrimination caused by a supervisor. Still, liability depends on the reasonableness of the employer&#8217;s conduct, as well as the reasonableness of the plaintiff victim&#8217;s conduct.<\/p>\r\n<h3><i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/523\/75.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services Inc.<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;(1998)<\/h3>\r\n<p>The Supreme Court held that sex discrimination consisting of same-sex sexual harassment can form the basis for a valid claim under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.<\/p>\r\n<h3><i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/526\/629.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;(1999)<\/h3>\r\n<p>The court created guidelines for lawsuits under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. They said a lawsuit may be filed against a school board based on student-on-student sexual harassment if:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>The board is deliberately indifferent to sexual harassment<\/li>\r\n<li>The board has actual knowledge of the harassment<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>Additionally, the harassment must be severe. It needs to be so severe that it deprives the victims of access to educational opportunities or benefits provided by the school.<\/p>\r\n<h3><i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/544\/167.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;(2005)<\/h3>\r\n<p>The court held that an individual could bring a retaliation claim under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. They can bring a claim when retaliated against for speaking up about discrimination on the basis of sex.<\/p>\r\n<h3><i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/548\/53.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Burlington Northern &amp; Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;(2006)<\/h3>\r\n<p>The court determined that a company&#8217;s indefinite suspension of an employee to avoid sexual harassment claims constituted unlawful retaliation under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.<\/p>\r\n<h3><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotusblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/17-1618_hfci.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bostock v. Clayton County<\/a><\/i>&nbsp;(2020)<\/h3>\r\n<p>This is considered a landmark case. The court held that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbids employment discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.<\/p>\r\n<p>This ruling clearly states that sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination are sex discrimination under the act. They are illegal under federal law.<\/p>\r\n<p>In reaching its decision, the Supreme Court acknowledged terminology. The justices said Congress contemplated that the term \u201csex&quot; referred to \u201cstatus as either male or female [as] determined by reproductive biology&quot; when enacting Title VII.<\/p>\r\n<p>However, Congress could have prohibited discrimination \u201csolely&quot; because of sex. But it did not.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Have You Been Mistreated Because of Your Gender? Get Professional Legal Help<\/h2>\r\n<p>Have you been mistreated due to your gender when seeking housing, employment, or education?<\/p>\r\n<p>You may have a claim for gender discrimination. Being discriminated against because of your gender is illegal.<\/p>\r\n<p>Don&#8217;t hesitate to take action. The best way to defend your rights is to discuss these issues with an experienced&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/discrimination\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">civil rights attorney<\/a>&nbsp;familiar with discrimination claims.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 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               <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>FindLaw summarizes U.S. Supreme Court cases that cover gender discrimination, also known as sex-based discrimination, and women&#8217;s 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