{"id":355664,"date":"2016-04-04T10:41:57","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:41:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/civilrights\/discrimination\/protecting-the-civil-rights-of-american-indians-and-alaska-native.html"},"modified":"2017-08-15T12:46:30","modified_gmt":"2017-08-15T17:46:30","slug":"protecting-the-civil-rights-of-american-indians-and-alaska-native","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/protecting-the-civil-rights-of-american-indians-and-alaska-native.html","title":{"rendered":"Protecting the Civil Rights of American Indians and Alaska Natives"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Protecting the Civil Rights of American Indians and Alaska Natives<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    <p><i>Created by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw&#8217;s team<\/a> of legal writers and editors<\/i><\/p>\n\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            August 15, 2017\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n<p>American Indians and Alaskan natives occupy an odd legal space: they&#8217;re simultaneously U.S. citizens and citizens of their tribes, which are considered separate nations. While Native Americans are protected under the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/civil-rights-overview\/civil-rights-and-american-indians-history-and-law.html\" target=\"_blank\">same federal civil rights laws<\/a> as other U.S. citizens, the enforcement of these rights is complicated by this form of almost dual citizenship. Below, you&#8217;ll find explanations of American Indians&#8217; rights under both the federal and tribal systems.<\/p>\n<h2>Native Americans&#8217; Civil Rights and the U.S. Government<\/h2>\n<p>As U.S. Citizens, American Indians are protected by the Bill of Rights, anti-discrimination laws, and all other statutes protecting the rights of American citizens. These rights include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i><b>Freedom from violence and hate crimes:<\/b><\/i> Although this right is not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, Americans enjoy the right to be free from discriminatory violence. Laws that guard against <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/civil-rights-overview\/hate-crimes\/\">hate crimes<\/a> protect this right. In addition, Native Americans are specifically named as a protected group under most hate crime laws.<\/li>\n<li><i><b>Freedom of speech, press, and assembly:<\/b><\/i> Native Americans are protected by the rights provided in the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights.<\/li>\n<li><i><b>Freedom from police misconduct:<\/b><\/i> Under the Fourth Amendment&#8217;s protections against unreasonable search and seizure, police and other law enforcement officials must respect the rights of individuals, including Native Americans.<\/li>\n<li><b><i>Freedom from discrimination in<\/i><\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/employment-discrimination\/\"><i><b>employment<\/b><\/i><\/a><i><b>,<\/b><\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/housing-discrimination\/\"><i><b>housing<\/b><\/i><\/a><i><b>, and lending:<\/b><\/i> Native Americans are protected under federal anti-discrimination laws as well. However, since Native American-owned businesses located on reservations are governed by tribes and not by the U.S. government, these businesses may discriminate and cannot be prosecuted under U.S. laws.<\/li>\n<li><i><b>Right to education:<\/b><\/i> Native American children living within a school district have the right to attend the schools within the district, regardless of whether they live on U.S. soil or on a reservation.<\/li>\n<li><i><b>Right to vote:<\/b><\/i> Native Americans have the right to vote free from harassment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In addition, Native American citizens have a specially protected right to religious freedom under the <a href=\"https:\/\/teeic.indianaffairs.gov\/lr\/Wc326c12ead6c4.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Indian Religious Freedom Act.<\/a> The Act provides that Native American citizens must have access to sacred sites and may use drugs, such as peyote, in religious ceremonies. In addition, sacred artifacts must be removed from museums and repatriated if possible.<\/p>\n<h2>Native Americans&#8217; Civil Rights and Tribal Governments<\/h2>\n<p>Although the Constitution and U.S. anti-discrimination laws provide Native Americans protection against many different kinds of civil rights abuses, they were created without Native American representation and did not apply to tribal governments. Since tribal governments did not always have reliable court systems, many Native Americans were left without an effective means to enforce their own civil rights. As a result, in 1968, Congress created the Indian Civil Rights Act (ICRA) which listed several rights that tribal governments must respect, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rights to speech, assembly, press, and religion,<\/li>\n<li>Rights against <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-seizure\/\">unreasonable searches and seizures<\/a>,<\/li>\n<li>Rights against <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/double-jeopardy.html\">double jeopardy<\/a>,<\/li>\n<li>Freedom from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/fifth-amendment-right-against-self-incrimination.html\">self-incrimination<\/a>,<\/li>\n<li>Right to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/right-to-a-speedy-jury-trial.html\">speedy and public criminal trial<\/a>,<\/li>\n<li>Right to be free from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/cruel-and-unusual-punishment.html\">cruel and unusual punishment<\/a>,<\/li>\n<li>Right to equal protection of the law and due process, and<\/li>\n<li>Right to a trial by jury.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>However, unlike with other federal civil rights laws, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Justice<\/a> has little authority to enforce the provisions of the ICRA over tribal governments. Consequently, tribal governments are free to make their own laws that have the practical effect of limiting these rights.<\/p>\n<h2>Contact an Experienced Native Peoples Law Attorney<\/h2>\n<p>Have you been discriminated against in housing, employment, or lending? Or suffered any kind of civil rights violation? Are you unsure how your rights as an Alaska Native or Native American affect enforcing the violations? If you need help, then contact an <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/native-peoples-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experienced Native Peoples attorney<\/a>, that is aware of the complexities of this unique legal position. An attorney can assist you in the right direction for your potential claim.<\/p>\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path 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for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        >Too complicated \/ too many steps<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div 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                   <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A number of federal statutes prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, disability, and 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