{"id":355885,"date":"2016-04-04T11:04:32","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T16:04:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/traffic\/traffic-stops\/can-the-police-set-up-roadblocks-for-any-reason.html"},"modified":"2023-10-17T23:38:14","modified_gmt":"2023-10-18T04:38:14","slug":"can-the-police-set-up-roadblocks-for-any-reason","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/traffic\/traffic-stops\/can-the-police-set-up-roadblocks-for-any-reason.html","title":{"rendered":"Police Roadblocks: Laws and Limitations"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Police Roadblocks: Laws and Limitations<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw Staff<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/melissa-bender-esq\/\">Melissa Bender, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            October 17, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n<p>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Supreme Court<\/a>&nbsp;ruled that law enforcement agencies can only set up roadblocks for &quot;special needs, beyond the normal need for law enforcement.&quot; (<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/us-supreme-court\/531\/32.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>City of Indianapolis v. Edmond<\/i><\/a>).<\/p>\r\n<p>At a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/traffic\/traffic-stops\/traffic-stops-and-roadblocks.html\">police roadblock,<\/a>&nbsp;officers stop and assess all or some motor vehicles and drivers at the&nbsp;checkpoint.<\/p>\r\n<p>Police officers cannot set up roadblocks only to assist in the normal process of law enforcement, crime prevention, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/traffic.html\">traffic safety.<\/a>&nbsp;There must be a unique circumstance that justifies the intrusion into the lives of motorists that a roadblock entails.<\/p>\r\n<p>To justify these types of traffic stops, the following criteria must be met:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>The state must have a strong interest in that purpose<\/li>\r\n<li>The roadblock must be an effective way to achieve that purpose<\/li>\r\n<li>The roadblock cannot excessively&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/what-is-the-reasonable-expectation-of-privacy-.html\">intrude on the privacy<\/a>&nbsp;of innocent individuals stopped<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Unfortunately, the Supreme Court hasn&#8217;t offered clear guidance about what constitutes a &quot;special need&quot; that justifies a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/traffic\/traffic-stops\/traffic-stops-and-roadblocks.html\">police roadblock or checkpoint<\/a>. Instead, police departments must examine the court&#8217;s reasoning in situations where the Court has approved roadblocks. Despite this, disputes often arise about the constitutionality of police checkpoints.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Background: The Fourth Amendment<\/h2>\r\n<p>When examining a roadblock to determine its legality, the court must hold it up to the requirements of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/search-and-seizure-and-the-fourth-amendment.html\">Fourth Amendment<\/a>. The Fourth Amendment protects the right of the people to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. It also requires&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-rights\/probable-cause.html\">probable cause<\/a>&nbsp;for warrants for searches and seizures.<\/p>\r\n<p>In general, searches and seizures usually require a warrant supported by&nbsp;probable cause. In a few circumstances, officers can conduct searches and seizures without a warrant as long as the search or seizure is reasonable. Usually, the reasonableness requirement is satisfied by the existence of probable cause.<\/p>\r\n<p>In the context of roadblocks and checkpoints, the Supreme Court has ruled that a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/balancing-test.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">balancing test<\/a>&nbsp;is more appropriate for determining the reasonableness of a search or seizure than the probable cause standard.<\/p>\r\n<p>This&nbsp;balancing test&nbsp;weighs the state&#8217;s interest in the goal of the roadblock against its effectiveness in achieving that goal and the intrusion of the roadblock on an individual&#8217;s privacy.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Border Security and Police Roadblocks<\/h2>\r\n<p>The Supreme Court first approved law enforcement roadblocks in a case involving the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/immigration\/visas\/basic-elements-of-the-border-entry-rules.html\">Border Patrol&#8217;s<\/a>&nbsp;practice of stopping traffic on major highways. The Border Patrol&#8217;s intent with these stops was to prevent the trafficking of undocumented immigrants. (<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/us-supreme-court\/428\/543.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>U.S. v. Martinez-Fuerte<\/i><\/a>). The court also first introduced the idea of a balancing test for roadblocks here.<\/p>\r\n<p>The court found that the federal government had a strong interest in securing the nation&#8217;s borders. It also found the roadblock was an effective way to determine if vehicles contained undocumented immigrants. They found that the roadblock was neither excessively intrusive on privacy rights nor disruptive of traffic flows.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Drunk Driving and Police Roadblocks<\/h2>\r\n<p>A widely used type of police roadblock is sobriety checkpoints, or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/dui\/arrests\/dui-checkpoints.html\">DUI checkpoints.<\/a>&nbsp;These check for drivers who may be under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Officers typically use field sobriety tests or breathalyzer devices to identify impaired drivers. Drivers can be issued a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/dui.html\">DUI<\/a>&nbsp;(Driving Under the Influence) or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/dui-dwi.html\">DWI<\/a>&nbsp;(Driving While Intoxicated) at sobriety checkpoints.<\/p>\r\n<p>Officers focus on stopping vehicles randomly at these checkpoints. For example, they may stop every 10th motor vehicle to check for an intoxicated driver. This random method reduces the chance of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/profiling.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">profiling<\/a>&nbsp;based on age, race, or ethnicity. Law enforcement may also stop other vehicles if there is a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/reasonable-suspicion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reasonable suspicion<\/a>&nbsp;of impairment.<\/p>\r\n<p>Is it legal to turn around to avoid a sobriety checkpoint? It depends on the traffic maneuver and your driving. While it is not illegal to turn around at a DUI checkpoint, you must comply with local traffic laws. However, turning around at a DUI checkpoint can attract an officer&#8217;s attention and could be considered as cause to pull you over. Officers may also radio nearby law enforcement to assess if a stop outside the checkpoint is warranted.<\/p>\r\n<p>The U.S. Supreme Court also applied the balancing test to assess the legality of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/traffic\/traffic-stops\/are-dui-checkpoints-legal-.html\">drunk-driving checkpoints<\/a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/us-supreme-court\/496\/444.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Michigan Dept. of State Police v. Sitz<\/i><\/a>. The court found that the state had a strong interest in preventing drunk-driving injuries and deaths. The court noted that roadblocks were an effective way of identifying drunk drivers and that the intrusion on sober motorists was minimal.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Specific Crimes and Police Roadblocks<\/h2>\r\n<p>The Supreme Court also ruled that law enforcement agencies can use roadblocks to help solve specific crimes. In&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/us-supreme-court\/540\/419.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Illinois v. Lidster<\/i><\/a>, the court held that a police checkpoint was permissible to gain information about a hit-and-run accident that occurred at the same location and time as the checkpoint.<\/p>\r\n<p>But using checkpoints and roadblocks to help combat crime generally violates the Fourth Amendment. In&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/us-supreme-court\/531\/32.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>City of Indianapolis v. Edmond<\/i><\/a>, the court struck down running checkpoints to intercept&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/types-of-drug-crimes.html\">illegal drugs<\/a>. It ruled<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/types-of-drug-crimes.html\">&nbsp;<\/a>that the program&#8217;s primary purpose was no different from general crime control.<\/p>\r\n<h2>State Constitutions<\/h2>\r\n<p>Some&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/constitutional-law.html\">state constitutions<\/a>&nbsp;have stricter search and seizure rules than the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/constitutional-law.html\">federal Constitution<\/a>. Others allow more flexibility for law enforcement if certain procedural safeguards are met. The interpretation and application of state constitutions can vary from one jurisdiction to another. This leads to differences in how police roadblocks are conducted and regulated across states.<\/p>\r\n<p>State constitutions cannot offer less protection for state citizens than the federal Constitution. However, they can offer more protection.<\/p>\r\n<p>Certain states might not allow roadblocks at all, even in the situations outlined above.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/dui\/arrests\/dui-checkpoint-laws-by-state.html\">Several states have prohibited drunk-driving checkpoints&nbsp;<\/a>based on their state constitution.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Cited at a Police Roadblock? Get Legal Advice<\/h2>\r\n<p>Navigating police roadblocks and DUI checkpoints can be confusing. If you are experiencing legal issues as a result of a police roadblock, you can consult with an experienced&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/dui-dwi\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>DUI<\/u><\/a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/traffic-violations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>traffic ticket attorney<\/u><\/a>. An attorney knowledgeable of the law in your area can review the circumstances of the checkpoint and your citation.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n   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12V0.999995H4.72003C4.2377 0.994543 3.76965 1.16359 3.40212 1.47599C3.0346 1.78839 2.79235 2.22309 2.72003 2.7L1.34003 11.7C1.29652 11.9866 1.31586 12.2793 1.39669 12.5577C1.47753 12.8362 1.61793 13.0937 1.80817 13.3125C1.99842 13.5313 2.23395 13.7061 2.49846 13.8248C2.76297 13.9435 3.05012 14.0033 3.34003 14H9.00003Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3423\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/div>\n    <span class=\"was-this-helpful__taken-action fl-text-sm-bold\"><\/span>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-container\">\n        <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n 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