{"id":357886,"date":"2016-04-04T10:45:29","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:45:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/employment\/wages-and-benefits\/what-is-collective-bargaining.html"},"modified":"2024-02-16T18:56:43","modified_gmt":"2024-02-16T23:56:43","slug":"what-is-collective-bargaining","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/wages-and-benefits\/what-is-collective-bargaining.html","title":{"rendered":"What Is Collective Bargaining?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">What Is Collective Bargaining?<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/olivia-wathne-jd\/\">Olivia Wathne, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/melissa-bender-esq\/\">Melissa Bender, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            February 16, 2024\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>Collective bargaining aims to establish fair working conditions, including wages, hours, and benefits, through a collective bargaining agreement. Collective bargaining covers most private sector employees, with some exceptions. Good faith negotiations are required, and unions must fairly represent their members.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n<p>Collective bargaining is considered a human right. This process empowers union members to assert their rights and interests in establishing fair working conditions. Specifically, collective bargaining&nbsp;is the process by which a group of employees, usually members of a labor union, negotiate with their employer on the terms and conditions of employment.<\/p>\r\n<p>Navigating labor relations can be overwhelming. While the NLRB helps resolve union disputes, some situations may necessitate additional representation. A local <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/labor-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">labor attorney<\/a> can ensure your rights are represented and protected.<\/p>\r\n<p>Collective bargaining negotiations work to achieve agreements on various terms of employment. This includes:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Higher wages<\/li>\r\n<li>Working hours<\/li>\r\n<li>Pensions<\/li>\r\n<li>Vacation time<\/li>\r\n<li>Management rights<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>By engaging in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/wages-and-benefits\/collective-bargaining-process-overview.html\">collective bargaining<\/a>, employees can actively shape their work environments. This article explains the basics of collective bargaining. Learn about the collective bargaining agreement, the duty of fair representation, and more.<\/p>\r\n<h2>The Collective Bargaining Agreement<\/h2>\r\n<p>Collective bargaining works to make a deal with management. Usually, the goal is to address a wide range of concerns in a particular workplace. This type of deal is a labor contract, often called a &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/collective-bargaining-agreement.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collective bargaining agreement<\/a>&quot; or CBA.<\/p>\r\n<p>A \u201cbargaining unit\u201d is a group of employees with a shared interest who are represented by a union in negotiations with their employer. The workers in the bargaining unit are then subject to the provisions in the collective bargaining agreement.<\/p>\r\n<p>Examples of topics covered in CBAs include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/wages-and-benefits.html\">Employee wages and benefits<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li>Health care<\/li>\r\n<li>Time off<\/li>\r\n<li>Raises<\/li>\r\n<li>Promotions<\/li>\r\n<li>Disciplinary issues<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>CBAs also address issues ranging from worker safety to insurance. The nature of the subjects in these agreements varies depending on the industry or workplace.<\/p>\r\n<h1>Collective Bargaining Laws<\/h1>\r\n<p>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlrb.gov\/guidance\/key-reference-materials\/national-labor-relations-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Labor Relations Act&nbsp;<\/a>(NLRA) primarily governs collective bargaining rights in the United States. The NLRA is a federal law that&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/wages-and-benefits\/faqs-about-union-members-rights.html\">empowers employees to join unions<\/a>&nbsp;and engage in collective bargaining. The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlrb.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Labor Relations Board<\/a>&nbsp;(NLRB) enforces the NLRA. The NLRA addresses legal issues related to collective bargaining, labor law, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/unfair-labor-practices.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unfair labor practices<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Certain employers and industries fall outside the scope of the NLRA&#8217;s coverage. Excluded sectors include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Government workers and some other public employees<\/li>\r\n<li>Agricultural laborers<\/li>\r\n<li>Independent contractors<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>While private sector employees are generally covered by the NLRA, public sector, state employees, and those in excluded industries may be subject to state law or other specific regulations.<\/p>\r\n<h3>The &#8216;Good Faith&#8217; Collective Bargaining Rule<\/h3>\r\n<p>As parties to a collective bargaining process, the employer and the employees must exercise &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/good-faith.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">good faith<\/a>&quot; in their negotiations. Below are some examples of violations of the &quot;good faith&quot; standard:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Refusing to meet and bargain with the opposing party<\/li>\r\n<li>Changing the terms of a bargain (or current working conditions) without proper input from the opposing party<\/li>\r\n<li>Engaging in &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlrb.gov\/about-nlrb\/rights-we-protect\/the-law\/bargaining-in-good-faith-with-employees-union-representative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sham<\/a>&quot; negotiations with the opposing party. In this context, a sham is a negotiation in which one party attempts to mislead the other or actually deceives the other.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Unions&#8217; Duty of Fair Representation<\/h3>\r\n<p>A union must represent its members in a fair and equal manner. This is the duty of fair representation. If you feel your union has not upheld your rights as a member during the collective bargaining process, you might consider filing a complaint against your union with the NLRB.<\/p>\r\n<p>If pursuing help from the NLRB fails, it may be time to consult a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/labor-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">labor attorney<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>The National Labor Relations Board lays out specific <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlrb.gov\/resources\/nlrb-process\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grievance procedures<\/a>. At the initiation of an attempt to redress grievances, a &quot;charge&quot; must be filed with the NLRB. A charge is when someone alleges unfair labor practices by their employer or labor organization. The NLRB reviews the allegations and then determines whether formal action is necessary.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Need Legal Help With a Collective Bargaining Issue? Find an Attorney<\/h2>\r\n<p>It is common for disputes to arise during the collective bargaining process. While these disputes may end up in the hands of the NLRB, labor relations can get more complicated. Unions usually offer legal representation to their members.<\/p>\r\n<p>But there may be cases where you&#8217;ll need to find an attorney alone. Speak with an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/employment-law-employee\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">employment law attorney<\/a>&nbsp;near you today to learn more about labor law and your rights in the collective bargaining process.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" 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11.4432C19.7859 11.8119 19.236 12.01 18.67 12H16M9.00003 14V18C9.00003 18.7956 9.3161 19.5587 9.87871 20.1213C10.4413 20.6839 11.2044 21 12 21L16 12V0.999995H4.72003C4.2377 0.994543 3.76965 1.16359 3.40212 1.47599C3.0346 1.78839 2.79235 2.22309 2.72003 2.7L1.34003 11.7C1.29652 11.9866 1.31586 12.2793 1.39669 12.5577C1.47753 12.8362 1.61793 13.0937 1.80817 13.3125C1.99842 13.5313 2.23395 13.7061 2.49846 13.8248C2.76297 13.9435 3.05012 14.0033 3.34003 14H9.00003Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3423\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/div>\n    <span class=\"was-this-helpful__taken-action 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