{"id":357920,"date":"2025-04-09T14:28:58","date_gmt":"2025-04-09T19:28:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/employment\/workplace-privacy\/is-it-legal-to-record-your-boss-or-coworkers.html"},"modified":"2025-04-09T14:40:28","modified_gmt":"2025-04-09T19:40:28","slug":"is-it-legal-to-record-your-boss-or-coworkers","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/workplace-privacy\/is-it-legal-to-record-your-boss-or-coworkers.html","title":{"rendered":"Is It Legal to Record Your Boss or Coworkers?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Is It Legal to Record Your Boss or Coworkers?<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/susan-buckner-j-d\/\">Susan Buckner, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/laura-temme-esq\/\">Laura Temme, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            April 09, 2025\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"fl-key-takeaways fl-mb30\" data-testid=\"fl-key-takeaways\">\n    <div class=\"fl-card-content\">\n        <div class=\"fl-card-body fl-card-bg-teal fl-flex fl-flex-column\">\n                            <h2 class=\"fl-card-title fl-h2 fl-no-margin\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n                        <p>Recording conversations at work legally hinges on both federal and state consent laws. The federal Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) allows recording with one-party consent, meaning if you&#8217;re part of the conversation, you can legally record it without notifying the other party. However, fourteen states, including California and Florida, require all parties in the conversation to consent, known as two-party consent states. Always check specific state laws and consider consulting with an employment attorney to ensure compliance and proper use of recordings in legal proceedings.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Cell phones do almost everything these days. You can go online, text, take pictures, and record conversations. When you\u2019re recording friends or family, there\u2019s nothing wrong with taking pictures or video. But other laws may apply when you take recordings at work.<\/p>\r\n<p>At work, you may need to take photos to prove wrongdoing or protect yourself from accusations. Other times, you may want to record conversations between yourself and others at work to prove they are harassing you or breaking the law.<\/p>\r\n<p>Before secretly recording a discussion or hiding a camera in your desk, ensure you\u2019re following state and federal laws. In this article, we&#8217;ll cover the basics. To learn how these laws might apply to your situation, consider speaking with a local <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/employment-law-employee\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">employment attorney<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Federal Laws on Consent<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>Before you can record anyone, someone must <b>consent<\/b> to the recording. The federal <a href=\"https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/us\/title-18-crimes-and-criminal-procedure\/18-usc-sect-2510.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Electronic Communications Privacy Act<\/a> (ECPA) permits electronic recording of conversations as long as <b>one party<\/b> consents.<\/p>\r\n<p>The ECPA limits such recording to situations where:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>There is no criminal or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/what-are-intentional-torts.html\">tortious intent<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li>There are no state laws with other requirements<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Thirty-eight states, including New York, align with federal law and are \u201cone-party consent\u201d states. In these states, as long as you are part of the conversation, you can record it.<\/p>\r\n<p>For example, in a one-party state, you could pull out your phone and start recording if your boss starts yelling at you in a meeting. But, you cannot leave a tape recorder or other device running and collect it later.<\/p>\r\n<p>One-party consent laws prohibit recordings where the recorder is not physically present. At least one person who is aware of the recording device must be present in a one-party consent state. If you were not the physical recorder, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/evidence-law.html\">hearsay rule <\/a>may apply.<\/p>\r\n<p>You also cannot alter, edit, or amend the recording in any way.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>State Laws on Consent<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>Fourteen states require what&#8217;s commonly called &quot;<b>two-party consent<\/b>.&quot; But in a practical sense, they require all parties to consent.<\/p>\r\n<p>In these states, <b>all involved parties<\/b> must know a conversation or discussion is being recorded for the recording to be legal:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>California<\/li>\r\n<li>Connecticut<\/li>\r\n<li>Delaware<\/li>\r\n<li>Florida<\/li>\r\n<li>Illinois<\/li>\r\n<li>Maryland<\/li>\r\n<li>Massachusetts<\/li>\r\n<li>Michigan<\/li>\r\n<li>Montana<\/li>\r\n<li>Nevada<\/li>\r\n<li>New Hampshire<\/li>\r\n<li>Oregon<\/li>\r\n<li>Pennsylvania<\/li>\r\n<li>Washington<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>In public places, you can generally make video and audio recordings without much issue. Both federal and state laws apply to private conversations where parties have a <b>reasonable expectation of privacy<\/b>.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>What Is a &quot;Reasonable Expectation of Privacy?&quot;<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>Two-party consent laws operate where there is a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/what-is-the-reasonable-expectation-of-privacy-.html\">reasonable expectation of privacy<\/a>.\u201d Courts usually define this as a situation where people believe outsiders will not overhear their discussions. For instance, most people have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their cars. There is less of an expectation of privacy on the bus since buses are public.<\/p>\r\n<p>The legality of audio and video recording <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/workplace-privacy\/employee-privacy.html\" title=\"in an office or other workplace\">in an office or other workplace<\/a> is unclear. Employers cannot legally have video cameras in employee break rooms or locker rooms without posting a notice of such recordings.<\/p>\r\n<p>Employees can expect less privacy in an open-floor office than in places where all workers have their own offices with doors. It is still a good idea to check with an attorney before recording your co-workers in the break room.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Recording Harassment and Bullying<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>Many employees want their recordings to document instances of sexual harassment, bullying, or a hostile work environment. Proving harassment is difficult, and a recording would make your case air-tight, or so it seems.<\/p>\r\n<p>Unfortunately, in two-party consent states, the law prohibits secret recordings. Even if you made the recordings as evidence for a harassment claim or wrongful termination suit, a judge will probably exclude them.<\/p>\r\n<p>However, there are some situations where even two-party consent states permit secret recordings.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Whistleblowing and Recording Evidence of a Crime<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>If you believe there is an immediate threat of a crime and the only way to preserve evidence is by surreptitiously recording it, a judge may permit its use in court.<\/p>\r\n<p>For example, California allows such recording \u201cto obtain evidence related to the commission of extortion, kidnapping, bribery, human trafficking, or domestic violence.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p>However, federal wiretapping laws make \u201cno-party\u201d recording illegal without a warrant. Law enforcement agencies must obtain judicial permission to eavesdrop on conversations without either party being aware. Eavesdropping by private citizens is also not permitted.<\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Get Legal Advice from an Employment Attorney<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p>If you have a workplace situation you think needs recorded, it\u2019s a good idea to contact an <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/employment-law-employee\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">employment law attorney <\/a>before you start taping. Even in one-party states like New York, you must follow evidence rules to present your recording in trial.<\/p>\r\n<p>If you think you have a potential claim for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/employment-discrimination\/understanding-different-types-of-harassment.html\" title=\"workplace harassment\">workplace harassment<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/employment-discrimination\/employment-discrimination-overview.html\" title=\"discrimination\">discrimination<\/a>, your attorney can also help you find other ways to document incidents while staying on the right side of the law.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M6 21H3C2.46957 21 1.96086 20.7893 1.58579 20.4142C1.21071 20.0391 1 19.5304 1 19V12C1 11.4696 1.21071 10.9609 1.58579 10.5858C1.96086 10.2107 2.46957 10 3 10H6M13 8V4C13 3.20435 12.6839 2.44129 12.1213 1.87868C11.5587 1.31607 10.7956 1 10 1L6 10V21H17.28C17.7623 21.0055 18.2304 20.8364 18.5979 20.524C18.9654 20.2116 19.2077 19.7769 19.28 19.3L20.66 10.3C20.7035 10.0134 20.6842 9.72068 20.6033 9.44225C20.5225 9.16382 20.3821 8.90629 20.1919 8.68751C20.0016 8.46873 19.7661 8.29393 19.5016 8.17522C19.2371 8.0565 18.9499 7.99672 18.66 8H13Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n                              stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3418\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"><\/rect>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"No\"\n                value=\"no\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">No<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-down\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3423)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M16 0.999995H18.67C19.236 0.989986 19.7859 1.18813 20.2154 1.55681C20.645 1.9255 20.9242 2.43905 21 3V10C20.9242 10.5609 20.645 11.0745 20.2154 11.4432C19.7859 11.8119 19.236 12.01 18.67 12H16M9.00003 14V18C9.00003 18.7956 9.3161 19.5587 9.87871 20.1213C10.4413 20.6839 11.2044 21 12 21L16 12V0.999995H4.72003C4.2377 0.994543 3.76965 1.16359 3.40212 1.47599C3.0346 1.78839 2.79235 2.22309 2.72003 2.7L1.34003 11.7C1.29652 11.9866 1.31586 12.2793 1.39669 12.5577C1.47753 12.8362 1.61793 13.0937 1.80817 13.3125C1.99842 13.5313 2.23395 13.7061 2.49846 13.8248C2.76297 13.9435 3.05012 14.0033 3.34003 14H9.00003Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n                    <\/g>\n               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