{"id":357962,"date":"2016-04-04T10:46:17","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:46:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/adoption-law.html"},"modified":"2023-08-03T13:12:51","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T18:12:51","slug":"adoption-law","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/adoption-law.html","title":{"rendered":"What Is Adoption Law?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">What Is Adoption Law?<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/susan-buckner-j-d\/\">Susan Buckner, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/melissa-bender-esq\/\">Melissa Bender, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            August 03, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-key-takeaways fl-mb30\" data-testid=\"fl-key-takeaways\">\n    <div class=\"fl-card-content\">\n        <div class=\"fl-card-body fl-card-bg-teal fl-flex fl-flex-column\">\n                            <h2 class=\"fl-card-title fl-h2 fl-no-margin\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n                        <p><span data-term-id=\"56386999\">Adoption law<\/span> is the set of state, federal, and international rules that govern how children are legally placed with <span data-term-id=\"56387033\">adoptive families<\/span>. These laws outline who can adopt, how <span data-term-id=\"56386996\">parental rights<\/span> are terminated, and what procedures agencies and courts must follow.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Understanding <span data-term-id=\"56386999\">adoption law<\/span> is crucial for prospective parents navigating this complex process. This article explains how <span data-term-id=\"56386999\">adoption laws<\/span> work at the state, federal, and international levels. You\u2019ll learn how the law applies to different <span data-term-id=\"56386997\">types of adoptions<\/span> and when to get help from a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/family-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-term-id=\"56387018\">family law<\/span> attorney<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Understanding <span data-term-id=\"56386999\">Adoption Law<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption.html\"><span data-term-id=\"56386999\">Adoption law<\/span><\/a> consists of an\u00a0extensive body of international, federal, and <span data-term-id=\"56387008\">state laws<\/span> governing the <span data-term-id=\"56387004\">adoption process<\/span>. Whether <span data-term-id=\"56387033\">adoptive families<\/span> choose <span data-term-id=\"56387015\">private adoption<\/span> or go through the <span data-term-id=\"56387010\">foster care<\/span> system, all parties must obey <span data-term-id=\"56386999\">adoption law<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>In some cases, parents attempting to adopt\u00a0may need an adoption attorney. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/agency-adoptions.html\"><span data-term-id=\"56387001\">Adoption agencies<\/span><\/a> may have their own attorneys to provide legal services.<\/p>\n<h3>State, Federal, and <span data-term-id=\"56387024\">International <\/span><span data-term-id=\"56386999\">Adoption<\/span><span data-term-id=\"56386999\"> Laws<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Adoptions happen for many reasons. A <span data-term-id=\"56387023\">child\u2019s <\/span><span data-term-id=\"56387003\">birth<\/span><span data-term-id=\"56387003\"> parents<\/span> may be unable or unwilling to care for their child. The court may terminate <span data-term-id=\"56386996\">parental rights<\/span> if the <span data-term-id=\"56387000\">biological parents<\/span> are incarcerated or unfit. When a parent remarries, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/stepparent-adoption-faq-s.html\"><span data-term-id=\"56386998\">stepparent<\/span> may adopt the stepchild<\/a> with the <span data-term-id=\"56387003\">birth <\/span><span data-term-id=\"56387039\">parent<\/span><span data-term-id=\"56387039\">\u2019s consent<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/state\/family-laws\/adoption.html\">State <span data-term-id=\"56386999\">adoption laws<\/span><\/a>\u00a0govern adoptions within each state. States have their own requirements concerning\u00a0<span data-term-id=\"56387048\">family member<\/span> adoptions, <span data-term-id=\"56387021\">stepparent<\/span><span data-term-id=\"56387021\"> adoptions<\/span>, and <span data-term-id=\"56387022\">foster parent<\/span> adoption. <span data-term-id=\"56387008\">State laws<\/span> regulate <span data-term-id=\"56387001\">adoption agencies<\/span> within each state.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.childwelfare.gov\/topics\/adoption\/laws\/laws-federal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Federal <span data-term-id=\"56386999\">adoption laws<\/span><\/a>\u00a0provide general guidelines for <span data-term-id=\"56387019\">domestic adoption<\/span>. States must create their own laws based on federal guidelines. Federal laws regulate <span data-term-id=\"56387024\">international adoptions<\/span> and oversee adoption tax legislation.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/international-adoption.html\"><span data-term-id=\"56387024\">International <\/span><span data-term-id=\"56386999\">adoption<\/span><span data-term-id=\"56386999\"> laws<\/span><\/a>\u00a0regulate overseas adoptions. Adopting a child from a <span data-term-id=\"56387035\">foreign country<\/span> is a complex process requiring both nations\u2019 <span data-term-id=\"56387031\">adoption services<\/span> and attorneys.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Other <span data-term-id=\"56386999\">Adoption Laws<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Other regulations affect adoption cases in the United States. If you are considering adoption or <span data-term-id=\"56387010\">foster care<\/span>, you should get <span data-term-id=\"56387047\">legal advice<\/span> from an <span data-term-id=\"56386999\">adoption law<\/span> firm or social welfare agency.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bia.gov\/bia\/ois\/dhs\/icwa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-term-id=\"56387025\">Indian Child Welfare Act<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(ICWA) requires tribal involvement in placing a Native child in <span data-term-id=\"56387010\">foster care<\/span> or adoption. Each tribe or nation has its own regulations for placement.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/ncjrs\/virtual-library\/abstracts\/guide-interstate-compact-placement-children\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children<\/a>\u00a0(ICPC) is a regulation that protects children adopted or fostered across state lines.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/international-adoption-basics.html\">Hague Convention on <span data-term-id=\"56387017\">Intercountry Adoption<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u2013 The Hague Convention is an international\u00a0treaty that governs how <span data-term-id=\"56387011\">prospective <\/span><span data-term-id=\"56386995\">adoptive parents<\/span> can adopt children from other countries. It protects parents and children in the home country and the United States.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span data-term-id=\"56386997\">Types of Adoptions<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/who-may-adopt-overview.html\"><span data-term-id=\"56387004\">adoption process<\/span><\/a>\u00a0takes different forms, depending on the roles of the parents and the agencies.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/open-vs-closed-adoption.html\"><span data-term-id=\"56387020\">Closed adoption<\/span><\/a> or confidential adoption \u2013 The <span data-term-id=\"56387003\">birth parents<\/span> and <span data-term-id=\"56386995\">adoptive parents<\/span> do not meet. The <span data-term-id=\"56387006\">adoptee<\/span> cannot access the adoption records after the adoption.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/faq-about-open-adoptions.html\"><span data-term-id=\"56387005\">Open adoption<\/span><\/a> \u2013 The <span data-term-id=\"56387003\">birth parents<\/span> and <span data-term-id=\"56386995\">adoptive parents<\/span> have contact with one another before and after the adoption. Sometimes the <span data-term-id=\"56386995\">adoptive parents<\/span> provide medical or financial support for the <span data-term-id=\"56387013\">birth mother<\/span>. Also called cooperative adoption.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/independent-adoption.html\"><span data-term-id=\"56387015\">Private adoption<\/span><\/a> \u2013 An adoption arranged between two parties without an agency or adoption professional. Some states do not allow <span data-term-id=\"56387015\">private adoptions<\/span>. These are also called <span data-term-id=\"56387007\">independent adoption<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/foster-care\/adoption-vs-foster-care-what-are-the-key-differences.html\">Public adoptions<\/a> \u2013 Carried out through the <span data-term-id=\"56387029\">social services<\/span> department or <span data-term-id=\"56387010\">foster care<\/span> system. Older children, siblings, and <span data-term-id=\"56387044\">special-needs<\/span> children are often placed this way.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Adoption Legal Terms To Know<\/h2>\n<p>When you begin the <span data-term-id=\"56387004\">adoption process<\/span>, you may encounter legal jargon associated with adoptions. These are some common terms and phrases you may see:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span data-term-id=\"56387006\">Adoptee<\/span> <\/strong>\u2013 The <span data-term-id=\"56387002\">adoptive child<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span data-term-id=\"56387041\">Adult adoption<\/span><\/strong> \u2013 The adoption of an adult. This can occur instead of legal guardianship for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/adult-adoption-laws.html\">adults with\u00a0<span data-term-id=\"56387044\">special needs<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Adoption plan<\/strong> \u2013 The formal process of adopting a child. Includes background and financial checks on the prospective parents, <span data-term-id=\"56387009\">home studies<\/span>, and finalization of the adoption.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span data-term-id=\"56387003\">Birth parent<\/span><\/strong> \u2013 The genetic mother or father of a child<\/li>\n<li><strong>Family adoption<\/strong> \u2013 When a <span data-term-id=\"56387048\">family member<\/span> adopts a child. A grandmother may adopt her daughter\u2019s children if the daughter is unable to care for them.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span data-term-id=\"56387010\">Foster care<\/span> adoption<\/strong> \u2013 Adoption from <span data-term-id=\"56387010\">foster care<\/span>. Some states have restrictions on <span data-term-id=\"56387010\">foster care<\/span> adoptions.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span data-term-id=\"56387022\">Foster parent<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 An adult who acts as a parent or guardian <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/foster-care\/foster-parent-requirements.html\">without adopting the child<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong><span data-term-id=\"56387009\">Home study<\/span><\/strong> \u2013 A study of the <span data-term-id=\"56386995\">adoptive parent<\/span>\u2019s home to determine the household\u2019s suitability for the <span data-term-id=\"56387002\">adopted child<\/span>. Social workers visit the home on one or more occasions to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/home-study-for-adoption-faq.html\">assess the environment and family relationships<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span data-term-id=\"56387043\">Termination of <\/span><span data-term-id=\"56386996\">parental rights<\/span><\/strong> \u2013 A <span data-term-id=\"56387016\">legal process<\/span> that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/parental-rights-and-liability\/termination-of-parental-rights.html\">ends a <span data-term-id=\"56386996\">parent\u2019s rights<\/span> and obligations<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For more definitions of related legal terms, visit FindLaw\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/adoption\/glossary-of-adoption-terms.html\">Glossary of Adoption Terms.<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>How To Hire a Qualified Adoption Lawyer<\/h2>\n<p>If you decide to retain an adoption attorney, have some questions ready to help you choose the best one for your needs. An <span data-term-id=\"56387001\">adoption agency<\/span> may have its own attorney to handle the paperwork, but you may want your own to review the documents for you.<\/p>\n<p>Local <span data-term-id=\"56387001\">adoption agencies<\/span> sometimes work with prospective <span data-term-id=\"56387013\">birth mothers<\/span> to ensure good families adopt their babies. These agencies partner with local attorneys specializing in <span data-term-id=\"56386999\">adoption law<\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/pro-bono-resource-center\/free-legal-resources\/legal-aid-and-pro-bono-organizations-by-state.html\">Legal aid centers<\/a> can provide <span data-term-id=\"56387011\">prospective <\/span><span data-term-id=\"56386995\">adoptive parents<\/span> with referrals to these agencies.<\/p>\n<p>An adoption lawyer can also help if you are facing a legal issue related to adoption.\u00a0They can explain your legal options and offer <span data-term-id=\"56387047\">legal advice<\/span> tailored to your situation. FindLaw\u2019s directory of <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/adoption\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">adoption lawyers<\/a> can get you started. Enter your city and state to find a list of adoption attorneys near you. Your results will also show contact and ratings information.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n           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for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        >Too complicated \/ too many steps<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div 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