{"id":357985,"date":"2016-04-04T10:46:18","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:46:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/custody-and-visitation.html"},"modified":"2023-09-01T12:34:50","modified_gmt":"2023-09-01T17:34:50","slug":"custody-and-visitation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/custody-and-visitation.html","title":{"rendered":"Attorneys and Custody and Visitation Law"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Attorneys and Custody and Visitation Law<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/susan-buckner-j-d\/\">Susan Buckner, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/melissa-bender-esq\/\">Melissa Bender, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            September 01, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>Child custody and visitation laws determine how parents share physical and legal responsibility for their children when they cannot agree. When disputes arise or circumstances change, parents often need legal assistance to modify custody or visitation orders.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>When determining visitation and custody, courts prioritize the child\u2019s best interests, considering factors like:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Caregiving history<\/li>\n<li>Parental stability<\/li>\n<li>Safety concerns<\/li>\n<li>Preference of the child, in some situations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>State and federal regulations determine how to decide child custody and visitation if the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/child-custody\/working-together-to-resolve-custody.html\">parents cannot agree<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>This article explains child custody and visitation law. You&#8217;ll learn who makes the final decision in a custody and visitation case and how court orders are written when parents cannot agree. You&#8217;ll also learn about the role of a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/custody-visitation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">child custody attorney<\/a> and how they advocate for your rights as a parent and the best interests of your child.<\/p>\n<h2>Custody and Visitation Laws Vary by State<\/h2>\n<p>Each state regulates its own child custody laws. For instance, Texas calls child custody \u201cconservatorship.&#8221; When you are a \u201cconservator&#8221; in Texas, you have a court order granting you custody rights for your child. Interstate laws determine what to do when a parent moves out of state. Federal laws, such as the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/pdffiles1\/ojjdp\/189181.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act<\/a>\u00a0(UCCJEA), oversee non-custodial parent kidnapping, international travel, and adoption.<\/p>\n<p>During a divorce, one parent receives primary <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/child-custody\/physical-custody.html\">physical custody<\/a> based on the child&#8217;s age and proximity to schools or activities. Parents should create a child custody plan that includes visitation rights for the non-custodial parent. Courts prefer the parenting time to be as close to 50-50 custody as possible.<\/p>\n<p>Custody issues arise when one parent lives too far from the other parent for a 50-50 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/child-custody\/the-result-the-parenting-agreement.html\">custody arrangement<\/a> to be practical. Issues also arise when parents have opposing schedules that prevent regular pickup and drop-off times. In particularly bitter or hostile divorces, parents may create child custody disputes by demanding the child spend certain days with them. Or they may demand the child attend a school outside both parents&#8217; reasonable travel areas.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Types of Custody<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>When courts, parents, and attorneys sit down to discuss\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/child-custody\/how-child-custody-decisions-are-made.html\">child custody agreements<\/a>, several types of custody are under consideration. These court hearings can become heated and sometimes violent, especially when the parties don&#8217;t stop to consider the needs of the child ahead of their own demands. In most states, co-parenting is the goal. Custody of a child will be as close to 50\/50 as possible unless there are other considerations.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/child-custody\/sole-custody.html\">Sole custody<\/a> means only one parent or individual receives the full rights and duties to care for the child. Sole custody is granted when it is in the best interest of the child, or when one parent has had their parental rights terminated.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/child-custody\/joint-custody.html\">Joint custody<\/a> means that both parents share the duties and responsibilities of raising the child.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/child-custody\/physical-custody.html\">Physical custody<\/a> is the arrangement in which the child primarily resides. It involves the parents&#8217; duty to provide food, shelter, and other necessities to the child. Physical custody is determined by the amount of visitation (sometimes called &#8220;access&#8221;) each parent has with the child. In most cases, physical custody is joint. But in some cases, a judge may grant sole physical custody to one parent, such as if one parent is on supervised visitation due to a safety concern for the child.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/child-custody\/legal-custody.html\">Legal custody<\/a> refers to the parents&#8217; rights and responsibilities for decisions about the child&#8217;s education, medical care, religious upbringing, and discipline. In joint legal custody, the parents have an equal say in the child&#8217;s upbringing. If there is a compelling reason for a parent not to have a role in the child&#8217;s life, a judge may issue a court order preventing the parent from exercising their rights in that area.<\/p>\n<p>For instance, if there have been allegations of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/criminal\/criminal-charges\/child-abuse-overview.html\">child abuse<\/a>, a judge may include an order restricting a parent from physically disciplining the child during parenting time. In some states or counties, such as Florida, the parent with whom the child spends the most time is listed as the \u201clegal parent&#8221; on school records. If there are questions about your state, you should get legal advice before signing the custody agreement.<\/p>\n<h2>The Child&#8217;s Best Interest<\/h2>\n<p>Family law judges and attorneys make child custody decisions based on the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/child-custody\/focusing-on-the-best-interests-of-the-child.html\">\u00a0best interest of the child<\/a>. This legal doctrine grants a judge great leeway in deciding what will be the best outcome for the custody of your child. If the judge has to make the final decision, the parents&#8217; desires are no longer part of the equation.<\/p>\n<h2>Some states have a list of specific factors a judge must consider in weighing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/child-custody\/checklist-who-gets-custody.html\">parents&#8217; opposing custody arrangements<\/a>. Others allow the judge to use their own discretion. The factors usually include:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The parent who has been the primary caregiver to this point. There is no longer a &#8220;maternal presumption&#8221; that the mother will be the better parent for young children. Some states still make an exception for nursing infants.<\/li>\n<li>The parents&#8217; mental and physical health, and attitude and demeanor in court. Do not anger the judge during a custody hearing.<\/li>\n<li>The parents&#8217; history, employment, family ties, and background. A criminal history is not a bar to custody, but in some states, domestic violence or sexual abuse may limit custody or visitation.<\/li>\n<li>The wishes of the parents and, in some states, the child&#8217;s wishes. A few states will ask the child which parent they prefer to live with. Usually, the child must be over 13 to make a choice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If there are allegations of abuse or neglect by one parent, or the child is in the middle of a conflict between their parents, the child may have their own legal representation. The court may appoint, or a parent may request, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/divorce\/divorce-glossary.html\">guardian ad litem<\/a> (also known as a &#8220;best interest attorney&#8221; in some states). This is a neutral third party who represents the interests of the child during the custody proceedings. The guardian ad litem:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Meets with the child<\/li>\n<li>Observes the parent-child interactions<\/li>\n<li>Speaks to third parties such as teachers and counselors<\/li>\n<li>Conducts home visits to confirm appropriate living arrangements<\/li>\n<li>Reports their findings to the court<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Once the judge <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/child-custody\/custody-considerations-step-by-step.html\">reviews this information<\/a>, they issue a custody order and visitation order. They may be a single document or separate documents.<\/p>\n<h2>Family Member Visitation and Custody<\/h2>\n<p>During a divorce, many family member relationships fall by the wayside. Some of these are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/child-custody\/grandparent-rights.html\">grandparents<\/a>. In contentious divorces, one spouse may wish to sever ties, but their parents may still want to see their grandchildren. If one spouse refuses to let the other spouse&#8217;s parents see the children, do they have visitation rights?<\/p>\n<p>Some states say yes.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/child-custody\/requirements-for-awarding-grandparent-visitation-and-custody.html\">Grandparents\u00a0<\/a>who can show they played an important role in the child&#8217;s life can petition the court for visitation days. The right to grandparent visitation is not as strong as parental rights. If the mother chooses to contest, the grandparents will need to show that it is in the child&#8217;s best interest for the judge to grant visitation rights.<\/p>\n<p>Grandparents may receive custody if both parents are unavailable or unfit. Grandparents are not awarded custody in divorce cases unless there is a compelling reason that neither parent can have custody. A <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/custody-visitation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">child custody lawyer<\/a> can explain these matters more clearly.<\/p>\n<h2>How a Child Custody Attorney Can Help<\/h2>\n<p>If you have a child custody or visitation issue, you may need legal help to resolve your issue. Another court order must <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/child-support\/child-support-modification.html\">modify child support<\/a>, custody, and visitation orders. You must show you have had a &#8220;substantial change of circumstances&#8221; or that you believe the other party has had a similar change.<\/p>\n<p>For instance, if you need to change your child visitation order, you might explain that your job hours have changed and you now work weekends. This means you cannot keep your child on weekends as the schedule requires. If you and your ex-spouse cannot work things out informally, you need a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/family-law.html\">family law attorney<\/a> to help petition the court for a modification.<\/p>\n<h2>How To Find a Custody and Visitation Attorney<\/h2>\n<p>If you are facing a child custody or related legal issue, you may want to\u00a0contact a local attorney to explore your legal options.<\/p>\n<p>Because state law is relevant, your attorney should be licensed in your state. FindLaw&#8217;s directory of <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/custody-visitation\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">custody and visitation lawyers<\/a> can get you started. Enter your city or ZIP code for a list of qualified legal professionals near you. Your search results will also show ratings and contact information.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n    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was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                        >Easy to understand<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Solved my problem\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                        >Solved my problem<\/label>\n                    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     class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--positive at-feedback-submit fl-button secondary\"\n                    type=\"submit\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-section-sidebar\"><div class=\"fl-editors-summary\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content\">\n                    <h2>Can I Solve This on My Own or Do I Need an Attorney?<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\">\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"fl-list-style-none\">\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    A lawyer can help protect the best interests of your children\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Custody and visitation cases are emotional, and an attorney can seek the best outcome\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Both parents can seek custody of their children\u2014with or without an attorney\n\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n<div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n<p>Most legal situations can benefit from an attorney\u2019s guidance. 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Learn how custody and visitation decisions are made, state laws, and how a lawyer can help at FindLaw.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41135,"featured_media":0,"parent":357959,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticleWithBreadcrumbsController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_autodraft_ids":[],"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_sb_is_suggestion_mode":false,"_sb_show_suggestion_boards":false,"_sb_show_comment_boards":false,"_sb_suggestion_history":"","_sb_update_block_changes":"","_is_real_time_mode":false,"_realtime_collaborators":"","footnotes":"","cf_checklist_status":[]},"categories":[2754],"tags":[],"state_laws_tags":[],"flmsa":[],"class_list":["post-357985","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-hirealawyer"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/357985","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/41135"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=357985"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/357985\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":391844,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/357985\/revisions\/391844"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/357959"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=357985"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=357985"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=357985"},{"taxonomy":"state_laws_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/state_laws_tags?post=357985"},{"taxonomy":"flmsa","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/flmsa?post=357985"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}