{"id":358023,"date":"2016-04-04T10:46:21","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:46:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/land-use-and-zoning.html"},"modified":"2023-09-06T12:05:07","modified_gmt":"2023-09-06T17:05:07","slug":"land-use-and-zoning","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/land-use-and-zoning.html","title":{"rendered":"What Does Land Use and Zoning Law Cover?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">What Does Land Use and Zoning Law Cover?<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/susan-buckner-j-d\/\">Susan Buckner, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/melissa-bender-esq\/\">Melissa Bender, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            September 06, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <div data-testid=\"chat-page\">Land use and zoning law governs how property can be developed and used, from residential construction to commercial projects. These rules divide land into categories and set specific limits on what owners can build or operate in each zone, often requiring permits or variances for exceptions.<\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>When disputes arise, a land use or zoning attorney can help property owners navigate local ordinances and complex regulations.<\/p>\n<p>If you have ever tried improving your property \u2014 perhaps installing solar panels or digging an in-ground swimming pool \u2014 you&#8217;ve likely encountered zoning laws. It may have surprised you to learn that just because you own property does not mean you can do whatever you want with it. Land use, zoning, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/realestate\/owning-a-home\/restrictive-covenants-questionnaire.html\">restrictive covenants<\/a> regulate what property owners can do on their land.<\/p>\n<p>If you have\u00a0<span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px\">land use issues, your first step should be to contact<\/span>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/land-use-zoning\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a zoning lawyer in your area<\/a>. They can explain the zoning laws in your area and the steps you&#8217;ll need to take to effectively comply with regulations in your state and municipality. Large cities like New York and Los Angeles have their own zoning regulations that may differ from county or state regulations.<\/p>\n<p>Keep reading to learn more about land use and zoning and how these laws shape both residential and commercial projects.<\/p>\n<h2>Land Use vs. Zoning\u00a0<\/h2>\n<p>Although land use and zoning laws are usually discussed together, they are different legal areas. Land use defines usage types, such as agriculture, industry, or transportation. Zoning regulations are how developers and companies put laws into practice.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/realestate\/land-use-laws.html\">Land use regulation<\/a> breaks land into five broad categories:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Residential, including single-family and multifamily housing<\/li>\n<li>Commercial, business, and industrial<\/li>\n<li>Agricultural<\/li>\n<li>Recreational, such as parks and greenbelts<\/li>\n<li>Transportation, such as land set aside for roads, highways, and rail lines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Land-use law governs the management of these areas. For instance, residential land use considers factors such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Population density<\/li>\n<li>Traffic flow patterns<\/li>\n<li>School district plans<\/li>\n<li>State affordable housing requirements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/realestate\/land-use-laws\/land-use-and-zoning-basics.html\">Land use<\/a> must conform with local zoning ordinances and community planning.<\/p>\n<p>Zoning laws affect property use within the designated areas. A zoning ordinance <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/realestate\/land-use-laws\/land-use-and-zoning-basics.html\">determines which portions<\/a> of a residential area are single-family dwellings and mixed-use or multifamily dwellings. Zoning laws determine which areas are &#8220;heavy industrial,&#8221; such as refineries, and which are &#8220;light industrial,&#8221; such as auto shops.<\/p>\n<p>These laws keep towns and cities organized and maintain property values for owners and businesses. They help ensure uniformity and prevent unfair competition among businesses. They also encourage new development projects through rezoning as property use changes.<\/p>\n<h2>Variances, Easements, and Eminent Domain<\/h2>\n<p>The local zoning board usually determines\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/realestate\/land-use-laws\/zoning-changes-variances-and-more.html\">zoning land use<\/a>. The board meets to discuss land development issues in the municipality.<\/p>\n<p>Zoning boards work with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/municipal-law.html\">city councils<\/a> and permitting agencies to resolve legal issues arising from new development proposals, redevelopment, or changes to land use regulations.<\/p>\n<h3>Variances<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/starting-a-business.html\">New businesses<\/a> often fall outside current zoning restrictions. Changes in population as people move into or out of an area may affect zones, as can regulatory changes. For instance, rezoning a commercial area may leave a few office buildings across the street from a residential district.<\/p>\n<p>In these cases, the owner must request a\u00a0variance\u00a0from the zoning board. A variance is a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/starting-a-business\/state-guide-obtaining-licenses-permits.html\">permit<\/a> that allows an owner to use their property in ways prohibited by zoning ordinances. There are two kinds of variances:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A <strong>use variance<\/strong> permits a use not otherwise permitted, such as commercial use in a residential zone.<\/li>\n<li>An <strong>area variance<\/strong> permits what would otherwise be a space violation, such as adding a new room that would violate setback requirements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Getting a variance can be difficult. It&#8217;s best to consult a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/land-use-zoning\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">land use attorney<\/a> or someone versed in this area of law. There are very specific criteria for obtaining a variance. For instance, an area variance must consider <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/business-laws-and-regulations\/environmental-laws.html\">any environmental issues<\/a>, impact on other homeowners, and whether the building conforms with local land use.<\/p>\n<h3>Easements<\/h3>\n<p>An\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/realestate\/land-use-laws\/easement-basics.html\">easement<\/a>\u00a0is a legal term for access to another person&#8217;s property. An easement occurs when an owner of one parcel of property can only reach it by crossing another parcel. Easements include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Shared driveways or walkways<\/li>\n<li>A deeded right to use another&#8217;s land for recreational purposes<\/li>\n<li>A utility pole in a backyard<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Easements \u201crun with the land,&#8221; meaning they are part of the property deeds. Easements may also be \u201cimplied.&#8221; If an easement is needed but not specified in the deed, an easement is created by law.<\/p>\n<p>The property that has the easement is known as the\u00a0servient estate. The holder of the easement may make any use of the easement they wish, as long as it does not \u201cunduly burden&#8221; the servient estate. If the owner abandons the easement or if it becomes burdensome on the servient estate, legal action can remove it. This is another situation in which a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/land-use-zoning\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">real estate lawyer<\/a>\u00a0is essential.<\/p>\n<h3>Eminent Domain<\/h3>\n<p>Eminent domain can occur when local governments and real estate development collide. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/realestate\/land-use-laws\/eminent-domain.html\">Eminent domain<\/a>\u00a0refers to the power of the government to take private property for public development.<\/p>\n<p>The government first creates a public improvement site plan in an eminent domain action. It must demonstrate that the benefit of the proposed plan outweighs the harm of the forced sale of the property.\u00a0<span style=\"color: initial\">The U.S. Supreme Court\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/545\/469.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ruled in 2005<\/a><span style=\"color: initial\"> that large-scale private business development, like a shopping center or a business park, is a \u201cpublic benefit.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Eminent domain may be used for practical reasons, such as removing damaged buildings after a natural disaster, or for environmental reasons, like when the government condemns Superfund sites to relocate the residents. Sometimes, historic preservation may be part of the process. If a historic site is in danger of demolition, the government may purchase it to prevent its destruction while conservation efforts continue.<\/p>\n<p>Homeowners whose homes are the subject of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/eminent-domain.html\">eminent domain proceedings<\/a>\u00a0have the right to \u201cfair market value&#8221; for their property. If they do not wish to accept the first offer, the matter goes to court. If you find yourself in this situation, never challenge the government alone. You will need a\u00a0real estate attorney whose practice area is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/eminent-domain.html\">eminent domain defense<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>How To Find a Land Use and Zoning Law Attorney<\/h2>\n<p>Real estate law is only one facet of land use litigation. You may need zoning attorneys, eminent domain specialists, and even environmental law practitioners. Regulatory agencies cover many areas of law, and so will your attorney.<\/p>\n<p>Because state and local laws are relevant, your attorney should be licensed in your state. FindLaw&#8217;s directory of <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/land-use-zoning\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">land use lawyers<\/a> can get you started. Enter your city or ZIP code to find a list of qualified legal advisors near you. Many law offices offer free case evaluations.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                          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1.78839 2.79235 2.22309 2.72003 2.7L1.34003 11.7C1.29652 11.9866 1.31586 12.2793 1.39669 12.5577C1.47753 12.8362 1.61793 13.0937 1.80817 13.3125C1.99842 13.5313 2.23395 13.7061 2.49846 13.8248C2.76297 13.9435 3.05012 14.0033 3.34003 14H9.00003Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3423\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/div>\n    <span class=\"was-this-helpful__taken-action fl-text-sm-bold\"><\/span>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-container\">\n        <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n            <p 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was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                        >Easy to understand<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Solved my problem\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                        >Solved my problem<\/label>\n                    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class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this not helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n                        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Missing Information\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                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     class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--positive at-feedback-submit fl-button secondary\"\n                    type=\"submit\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-section-sidebar\"><div class=\"fl-editors-summary\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content\">\n                    <h2>Can I Solve This on My Own or Do I Need an Attorney?<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\">\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"fl-list-style-none\">\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Complex real estate issues, like\u00a0 construction defects, may need the support of an attorney\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    An attorney can simplify the process for business contracts, estate planning, and real estate legal issues\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    A lawyer can protect your interests if a construction project runs into legal or regulatory trouble\n<div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\"><\/div>\n\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n<p>Most legal situations can benefit from an attorney\u2019s guidance. 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