{"id":368964,"date":"2016-04-04T10:47:05","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:47:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/litigation\/filing-a-lawsuit\/personal-jurisdiction-how-to-determine-where-a-person-can-be.html"},"modified":"2026-07-14T12:58:43","modified_gmt":"2026-07-14T17:58:43","slug":"personal-jurisdiction-how-to-determine-where-a-person-can-be","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/filing-a-lawsuit\/personal-jurisdiction-how-to-determine-where-a-person-can-be.html","title":{"rendered":"How Personal Jurisdiction Determines Where You Can Be Sued"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">How Personal Jurisdiction Determines Where You Can Be Sued<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/lyle-therese-a-hilotin-lee-j-d\/\">Lyle Therese A. Hilotin-Lee, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/melissa-bender-esq\/\">Melissa Bender, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            July 14, 2026\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-key-takeaways fl-mb30\" data-testid=\"fl-key-takeaways\">\n    <div class=\"fl-card-content\">\n        <div class=\"fl-card-body fl-card-bg-teal fl-flex fl-flex-column\">\n                            <h2 class=\"fl-card-title fl-h2 fl-no-margin\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n                        <ul>\n<li>Personal jurisdiction determines the court\u2019s authority over a person or entities involved in a court case.<\/li>\n<li>Several factors can affect personal jurisdiction, including where you live and your physical presence in a certain location.<\/li>\n<li>Even if you don\u2019t live in a particular state, it\u2019s still possible to face a lawsuit in a court of that state.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div><p>Understanding the legal process of where you can legally be sued involves learning about the concept of <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span>. Along with <span data-term-id=\"59309619\">subject matter jurisdiction<\/span>, <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span> confirms that courts hear cases in a proper forum.<\/p>\n<p>This article defines <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span> and explains how it determines where you can be sued. If you want to file a lawsuit or need defense against one, speak with a <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/litigation-appeals\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">litigation attorney<\/a>. They can review your case and which court would be appropriate.<\/p>\n<h2>Personal and <span data-term-id=\"59309619\">Subject Matter Jurisdiction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Courts in the United States must have two kinds of jurisdiction to hear a case:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/filing-a-lawsuit\/federal-or-state-court-subject-matter-jurisdiction.html\"><span data-term-id=\"59309619\">Subject matter jurisdiction<\/span><\/a>\u00a0is the court\u2019s authority to hear a certain type of claim.<\/li>\n<li><span data-term-id=\"59309613\">Personal jurisdiction<\/span> refers to the court\u2019s authority over the person or entity who is a party to the case.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Both types ensure courts adhere to the protections of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment5\/annotation11.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-term-id=\"59309626\">due process<\/span><span data-term-id=\"59309626\"> clause<\/span><\/a>\u00a0of the U.S. Constitution. The <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment5\/annotation07.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-term-id=\"59309638\">Fifth Amendment<\/span><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment14\/annotation03.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-term-id=\"59309631\">Fourteenth Amendment<\/span><\/a> describe these protections. They influence the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/legal-system\/what-is-a-court.html\">level and type of court<\/a> that should hear your case, such as a <span data-term-id=\"59309616\">state court<\/span> versus a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/legal-system\/what-kinds-of-cases-can-federal-courts-decide.html\"><span data-term-id=\"59309617\">federal court<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>How To Determine <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">Personal Jurisdiction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The following are the critical criteria for how the court asserts <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span>. They ensure that plaintiffs sue defendants in the proper forum based on their connections or activities in that state.<\/p>\n<h3>Presence in <span data-term-id=\"59309623\">Service of Process<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Being served with a copy of the summons and complaint while present in the <span data-term-id=\"59309618\">forum state<\/span> is enough to give a court <span data-term-id=\"59309627\">specific jurisdiction<\/span> over the person served in that state. That means that even if you were only passing through the state for a few minutes, the other party can sue if they properly served the summons. The Supreme Court agreed on this principle in <a href=\"https:\/\/tile.loc.gov\/storage-services\/service\/ll\/usrep\/usrep495\/usrep495604\/usrep495604.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span data-term-id=\"59309639\">Burnham v. Superior Court of California<\/span> <\/em>495 U.S. 604 (1990)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><span data-term-id=\"59309628\">Domicile<\/span> or <span data-term-id=\"59309633\">Principal Place of Business<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"59309628\">Domicile<\/span> or residence in a state is enough to give courts <span data-term-id=\"59309621\">general jurisdiction<\/span> over you. This means that even if the incident occurred in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/international-law.html\">another country<\/a> or state, a party can file a case against you in the state where you established residency.<\/p>\n<p>This also applies to wherever you establish your <span data-term-id=\"59309633\">principal place of business<\/span>. A business may have both a <span data-term-id=\"59309650\">place of incorporation<\/span> and a separate place of primary operation. For example, you may have registered an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/incorporation-and-legal-structures\/how-to-form-a-corporation-in-delaware-in-eight-steps.html\">LLC in Delaware<\/a>, but you mainly provide services in Pennsylvania as a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/starting-a-business\/what-is-a-registered-agent.html\">registered agent<\/a> of the state. State laws determine whether registration creates <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span> via the principle of consent.<\/p>\n<h3>Consent<\/h3>\n<p>You can also consent to a court having <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span> over you. <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/consent.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Consent <\/a>comes in two primary forms: express and implied.<\/p>\n<p>You give express consent by appearing before the court and submitting yourself to its authority. This means that even if a court otherwise didn\u2019t have power over you, you can grant the court that power by showing up.<\/p>\n<p>Consent can also be implied, and one of the most common forms of implied consent is driving on that state\u2019s roads. Courts consider you to have given implied consent to the laws regulating roads. Thus, a court has <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span> over you if you have a car accident on the road in that state.<\/p>\n<h3><span data-term-id=\"59309614\">Minimum Contacts<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A court can also have <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span> over you if you maintain sufficient contact with the state where a court resides. Courts examine whether this contact was intentional rather than random or accidental. This legal doctrine is known as <span data-term-id=\"59309630\">purposeful availment<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h2>What Are the Three Types of <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">Personal Jurisdiction<\/span>?<\/h2>\n<p>To understand how courts determine their authority over persons or property involved in a legal dispute, it is crucial to learn about the three types of <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In Personam<\/li>\n<li>In Rem<\/li>\n<li><span data-term-id=\"59309644\">Quasi In Rem<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The sections below describe the primary test courts use to determine whether you\u2019ve established enough <span data-term-id=\"59309614\">minimum contacts<\/span> with a state.<\/p>\n<h2>What Is <span data-term-id=\"59309635\">In Personam Jurisdiction<\/span>?<\/h2>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"59309635\">In personam jurisdiction<\/span> allows the court to exercise authority over a person or entity based on their connections with the state or the forum.<\/p>\n<p>It often requires the defendant to have sufficient <span data-term-id=\"59309614\">minimum contacts<\/span>, ties, or interaction with the state that comprises that <span data-term-id=\"59309651\">court\u2019s jurisdiction<\/span>. This contact with the state should be enough that the person could reasonably foresee being sued there.<\/p>\n<p>The Supreme Court set forth a basic test to determine whether a person has established <span data-term-id=\"59309614\">minimum contact<\/span> with that state. The following are some of the notable case laws.<\/p>\n<h3>Continuous, Systematic Contacts and Related Lawsuits<\/h3>\n<p>Jurisdiction is permissible when the defendant engages in continuous and systematic activity in the forum. The <span data-term-id=\"59309624\">cause of action<\/span> relates to that activity.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>See <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/466\/408.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall,<\/em>\u00a0466 U.S. 408 (1984)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Continuous, Systematic Contacts and Unrelated Lawsuits<\/h3>\n<p>A court may still assert <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span> over a defendant out of state. This is possible if the defendant has certain <span data-term-id=\"59309614\">minimum contacts<\/span> in the state to the degree they are \u201c<span data-term-id=\"59309637\">essentially at home<\/span>\u201d in it. Filing a suit against them does not go against <span data-term-id=\"59309625\">fair play and substantial justice<\/span>. This rule applies even if the <span data-term-id=\"59309624\">cause of action<\/span> of the suit is not related to those activities that the defendant does in that state.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>See <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/10-76.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown<\/em>, 564 U.S. 915 (2011)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Sporadic or Casual Activity and Unrelated Lawsuits<\/h3>\n<p>If a defendant\u2019s activity is only sporadic or casual, a court does not have <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span> over a <span data-term-id=\"59309624\">cause of action<\/span> unrelated to that sporadic activity.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>See <a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/326\/310.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span data-term-id=\"59309632\">International Shoe Co. v. Washington<\/span><\/em>, 326 U.S. 310 (1945)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Sporadic or Casual Activity and Related Lawsuits<\/h3>\n<p>If a defendant\u2019s activities in the state are sporadic or there are only <span data-term-id=\"59309614\">minimum contacts<\/span>, but the activity directly relates to the lawsuit, a court may also assert its jurisdiction.<\/p>\n<p>In\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/471\/462.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz,<\/em>\u00a0471 U.S. 462 (1985)<\/a>, the Court examined whether a contract is enough to constitute a &#8220;contact&#8221; for asserting <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span>. The Court rejected that a contract alone is enough to establish <span data-term-id=\"59309614\">minimum contacts<\/span> for jurisdiction purposes. However, mechanical tests were also discouraged when assessing this issue. Here, the Court emphasized that it is crucial to consider the nature of the tract. This includes future consequences, prior negotiations, and the actual course of dealing with the parties.<\/p>\n<h2>What Is <span data-term-id=\"59309634\">In Rem Jurisdiction<\/span>?<\/h2>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"59309634\">In rem jurisdiction<\/span>, the court can exercise jurisdiction over any real or personal property within its territory. These cases often involve the rights and status of the property itself. An example is cases involving disputes over the title or ownership of a property.<\/p>\n<p>In rem, actions are binding against everyone, even those not parties to the action. This means the court decision applies to people present or not in the lawsuit. For instance, an action to quiet title is a pure in rem action. The court bars everyone from challenging the owner\u2019s title to the property.<\/p>\n<h2>What Is <span data-term-id=\"59309644\">Quasi <\/span><span data-term-id=\"59309634\">In Rem<\/span><span data-term-id=\"59309634\"> Jurisdiction<\/span>?<\/h2>\n<p>Like a case in rem, <span data-term-id=\"59309644\">quasi in rem<\/span> involves a court asserting authority over real or personal property within its jurisdiction. However, unlike in rem, <span data-term-id=\"59309644\">quasi in rem<\/span> is only binding against the parties to the lawsuit. A court can hear <span data-term-id=\"59309644\">quasi in rem<\/span> actions if the property is within its jurisdiction, even if it lacks <span data-term-id=\"59309635\">in personam jurisdiction<\/span> over the defendant.<\/p>\n<p>For example, consider <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/wex\/quasi_in_rem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Garfein v. McInnis<\/em><\/a>. A plaintiff entered a contract with a defendant to buy a real property. The defendant is a resident of Connecticut, and the real property subject to the agreement is located in New York. Then, the defendant committed a <span data-term-id=\"59309648\">breach of contract<\/span>. The plaintiff sued the defendant for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/business-contracts-forms\/what-is-specific-performance-as-a-legal-remedy.html\">specific performance<\/a> in a <span data-term-id=\"59309616\">state court<\/span> in New York.<\/p>\n<p>In this case, the Court acknowledged that the civil procedure does not bring the person of the nonresident defendant in the <span data-term-id=\"59309616\">state <\/span><span data-term-id=\"59309651\">court<\/span><span data-term-id=\"59309651\">\u2019s jurisdiction<\/span>. But it empowered the <span data-term-id=\"59309616\">state court<\/span> in New York to order a specific performance.<\/p>\n<h2>Long Arm Jurisdiction<\/h2>\n<p>A <span data-term-id=\"59309620\">long-arm statute<\/span> enables the court to establish <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span> over an out-of-state defendant. The court may establish long-arm jurisdiction if there is a <span data-term-id=\"59309614\">minimum contact<\/span> between the defendant and the state.<\/p>\n<p>In a landmark case,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/326\/310.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span data-term-id=\"59309632\">International Shoe Co. v. Washington<\/span><\/em>, 326 U.S. 310 (1945)<\/a>, the Supreme Court established the rule for meeting the <span data-term-id=\"59309614\">minimum contact<\/span> requirements. It stated that the defendant should engage in continuous and systematic activity within the state and that the <span data-term-id=\"59309624\">cause of action<\/span> should arise from such systematic and continuous activity.<\/p>\n<p>In another case,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/480\/102.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court<\/em>, 480 U.S. 102 (1987)<\/a>, the Supreme Court clarified that the <span data-term-id=\"59309614\">minimum contact<\/span> test is not always enough to assert jurisdiction. It stressed that the Court should consider various factors before exercising jurisdiction.<\/p>\n<p>A court\u2019s consideration includes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The state\u2019s interest in hearing the case<\/li>\n<li>The interest of the plaintiff in receiving relief in the home state<\/li>\n<li>The burden over the defendant<\/li>\n<li>The efficiency of resolving the case in the state<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These considerations ensure that the court reasonably and fairly exercises its jurisdiction.<\/p>\n<h2>Can a Contract Determine <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">Personal Jurisdiction<\/span>?<\/h2>\n<p>Yes, a contract may contain a <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/forum-selection-clause.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-term-id=\"59309629\">forum selection clause<\/span><\/a> that establishes <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span>. Agreeing to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/business-contracts-forms\/contracts-basics.html\">terms of the contract<\/a> means you also consent to that jurisdiction.<\/p>\n<p>This consent would apply even if other courts could otherwise have jurisdiction. If the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/business-contracts-forms\/will-your-contract-be-enforced-under-the-law.html\">contract is enforceable<\/a>, you\u2019d waive your ability to challenge the <span data-term-id=\"59309651\">court\u2019s jurisdiction<\/span>. That limitation can change if you can prove that the contract or clause is unenforceable.<\/p>\n<p>This is an especially common factor in lawsuits between consumers and businesses. For example, the user agreement of a software program you use might only allow you to bring claims in a New Jersey civil court. Businesses often use these clauses to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/legal-system\/choosing-a-venue-in-state-court.html\">choose an ideal venue<\/a>, such as a court close to where its legal office is located.<\/p>\n<h2>Seek Legal Advice From an Attorney<\/h2>\n<p>The complex landscape of civil procedure and state laws can be overwhelming. This is especially true if you face legal actions across state lines.<\/p>\n<p>Learning when and where you can be sued is crucial to protect your rights effectively. Consulting with an attorney is helpful if you are dealing with matters related to <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>An\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/litigation-appeals\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experienced attorney<\/a>\u00a0can provide helpful legal advice regarding:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Navigating the <span data-term-id=\"59309614\">minimum contact<\/span> requirements you should establish for the court to assert jurisdiction over your case.<\/li>\n<li>Assessing the possibility of transferring or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/going-to-court\/what-is-a-motion-to-dismiss.html\">dismissing <\/a>the case for lack of jurisdiction.<\/li>\n<li>Understanding and challenging the grounds of <span data-term-id=\"59309613\">personal jurisdiction<\/span> in your case.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>They can also offer you tailored advice for your specific situation. Do not hesitate to seek legal advice. Contact a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/litigation-appeals\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">litigation and appeals attorney<\/a>\u00a0for expert assistance.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" 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class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-container\">\n        <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n            <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <form class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form\">\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--positive\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Easy to understand\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                        >Easy to understand<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Solved my problem\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                        >Solved my problem<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--negative\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this not helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n                        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Missing Information\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        >Too complicated \/ too many steps<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Out of date\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                        >Out of date<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--positive at-feedback-submit fl-button secondary\"\n                    type=\"submit\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"fl-section-sidebar\"><div class=\"fl-editors-summary\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content\">\n                    <h2>Can I Solve This on My Own or Do I Need an Attorney?<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\">\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"fl-list-style-none\">\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    You want an attorney to represent you in court or during appeals\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium 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An attorney can offer tailored advice and help prevent common mistakes during litigation.<\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link fl-flex\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link\">\n                <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <p class=\"find-attorney\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/litigation-appeals\/#USER_GEO\/?fli=esum:FL34\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Find a local attorney<\/a><\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"email-subscription fl-mb30\">\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-header\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-content\">\n            <h3 class=\"fl-callout-sm fl-no-margin\">Stay Up-to-Date With How the Law Affects Your Life<\/h3>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-image fl-flex fl-items-end\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\"\n               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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A court must have personal jurisdiction to hear a case involving you. Learn more about filing or defending against a lawsuit in FindLaw&#8217;s guide.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41135,"featured_media":0,"parent":368853,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticleWithBreadcrumbsController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":true,"_modified_date":"","_autodraft_ids":[],"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_sb_is_suggestion_mode":false,"_sb_show_suggestion_boards":false,"_sb_show_comment_boards":false,"_sb_suggestion_history":"","_sb_update_block_changes":"","_is_real_time_mode":false,"_realtime_collaborators":"","footnotes":"","cf_checklist_status":["External Links","Alt Text for All Images","Category Assigned"]},"categories":[2803],"tags":[],"state_laws_tags":[],"flmsa":[],"class_list":["post-368964","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-litigation"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/368964","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/41135"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=368964"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/368964\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":401769,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/368964\/revisions\/401769"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/368853"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=368964"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=368964"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=368964"},{"taxonomy":"state_laws_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/state_laws_tags?post=368964"},{"taxonomy":"flmsa","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/law-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/flmsa?post=368964"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}