{"id":369034,"date":"2021-01-25T07:29:12","date_gmt":"2021-01-25T12:29:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/litigation\/legal-system\/how-to-read-a-supreme-court-opinion.html"},"modified":"2024-04-11T15:08:03","modified_gmt":"2024-04-11T20:08:03","slug":"how-to-read-a-supreme-court-opinion","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/legal-system\/how-to-read-a-supreme-court-opinion.html","title":{"rendered":"How To Read a Supreme Court Opinion"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">How To Read a Supreme Court Opinion<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/maddy-teka-esq\/\">Maddy Teka, Esq.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/bridget-molitor-jd\/\">Bridget Molitor, JD<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            April 11, 2024\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n<p>The Supreme Court of the United States plays a fundamental role in protecting the values enshrined in the U.S. Constitution. But reading a Supreme Court opinion can be complicated and intimidating. This article provides a general guide to reading a U.S. Supreme Court opinion.<\/p>\r\n<p>In most cases, a Supreme Court opinion consists of the parts below.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Syllabus<\/h2>\r\n<p>The syllabus describes the facts of the case. It also explains the procedure of how the case reached the Supreme Court. The syllabus summarizes the Supreme Court case, but it&#8217;s not part of the opinion.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Main Opinion\/Binding Decision<\/h2>\r\n<p>The main opinion gives the official decision. It also provides a legal analysis of how the Justices came to that decision. This main opinion could be:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><b>Unanimous<\/b>: When all the justices agree on the decision as well as the rationale for the decision<\/li>\r\n<li><b>Majority opinion<\/b>: When more than half the justices agree on the decision<\/li>\r\n<li><b>Plurality opinion<\/b>: When there is no majority but a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/plurality.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plurality<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>In rare cases, there may be a tie. This can occur if there&#8217;s a vacancy or when a justice&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/abstain.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">abstains<\/a>&nbsp;from a case. In the event of a tie, the lower court&#8217;s decision will stand.<\/p>\r\n<p>Usually, the Chief Justice or an Associate Justice will write the majority opinion. But sometimes, the Court publishes a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/opinion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">per curiam opinion<\/a>. A per curiam opinion does not specify the justice who wrote the opinion.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Disposition<\/h2>\r\n<p>Usually, the Court will outline what action it will take at the end of the main opinion. This is called a disposition. A disposition may include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/affirm.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Affirming<\/a>&nbsp;the lower court&#8217;s decision<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/reverse.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Overturning<\/a>&nbsp;the lower court&#8217;s ruling<\/li>\r\n<li>Sending the case back to the lower court (<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/remand.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">remand<\/a>&nbsp;the case)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>If the Court does not remand the case, the case is over.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Concurring Opinion<\/h2>\r\n<p>One or more of the justices may write additional opinions of the court. A justice may write a concurring opinion if they agree with the outcome of the main opinion but base their decision on different legal reasoning.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Dissenting Opinion<\/h2>\r\n<p>Justices who disagree with the decision and the reasoning may write dissenting opinions.<\/p>\r\n<p>Concurring and dissenting opinions don&#8217;t affect the outcome of the case. But they&#8217;re important. Supreme Court opinions are analyzed in future cases. Concurring and dissenting opinions may provide an alternate interpretation of the laws.<\/p>\r\n<h2>How Do Cases Get to the Supreme Court?<\/h2>\r\n<p>The Supreme Court doesn&#8217;t follow the same procedures as lower courts when it comes to taking cases. Unlike other courts, the Supreme Court can choose which cases to hear. When the Supreme Court grants certiorari, it means at least four of the nine justices agreed to hear a case.<\/p>\r\n<p>But in general, cases reach the Supreme Court in one of the following three ways:<\/p>\r\n<h3>1. An Appeal From the Federal Court of Appeals<\/h3>\r\n<p>A party who wants to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/appeal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">appeal<\/a>&nbsp;a decision can file a petition for&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/certiorari.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">certiorari (cert)<\/a>. The petition informs the Supreme Court that the party would like the Court to review the decision. This is the most common way cases reach the Supreme Court.<\/p>\r\n<p>The Court can grant a writ of certiorari and accept the case. It may also decline to hear the case, making the appellate court&#8217;s decision regarding that matter final. The Court receives approximately 7,500 requests for cert and grants oral argument in approximately 80 cases.<\/p>\r\n<h3>2. The Court May Have Original Jurisdiction<\/h3>\r\n<p>In certain instances, the Supreme Court may hear some cases first.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article III, Section II<\/a>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Constitution<\/a>&nbsp;outlines this rare but important&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/jurisdiction.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">jurisdiction<\/a>. Accordingly, the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in legal disputes among states and cases affecting ambassadors and other public ministers. The Court exercises original jurisdiction approximately once per term.<\/p>\r\n<h3>3. Appeals From a State Supreme Court<\/h3>\r\n<p>If a state supreme court rules on a case involving an application or interpretation of the U.S. Constitution or federal law, the Supreme Court may choose to hear the case on appeal.<\/p>\r\n<h2>What Is the Role of the Supreme Court?<\/h2>\r\n<p>The Supreme Court can decide cases involving federal law and those arising under the Constitution. It ultimately serves as the interpreter of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States, which means its decisions are binding not only on the parties but also on other cases with similar facts and legal issues.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Supreme Court&#8217;s Opinions vs. Other Legislation<\/h2>\r\n<p>Congress can create national laws within the Constitution&#8217;s limits. These laws are called statutes. Sometimes,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/congress.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Congress<\/a>&nbsp;gives the federal government&#8217;s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive branch<\/a>&nbsp;the power to make rules, regulations, and executive orders.<\/p>\r\n<p>The Supreme Court has the power to interpret the laws made by the other branches. If the Court finds that the laws contradict the Constitution, it can invalidate them and make them inoperative.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Additional Resources<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Supreme Court Opinions and Cases | FindLaw<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Supreme Court Center | FindLaw<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/legal-system\/the-u-s-supreme-court-overview.html\">The U.S. Supreme Court &#8211; Overview<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M6 21H3C2.46957 21 1.96086 20.7893 1.58579 20.4142C1.21071 20.0391 1 19.5304 1 19V12C1 11.4696 1.21071 10.9609 1.58579 10.5858C1.96086 10.2107 2.46957 10 3 10H6M13 8V4C13 3.20435 12.6839 2.44129 12.1213 1.87868C11.5587 1.31607 10.7956 1 10 1L6 10V21H17.28C17.7623 21.0055 18.2304 20.8364 18.5979 20.524C18.9654 20.2116 19.2077 19.7769 19.28 19.3L20.66 10.3C20.7035 10.0134 20.6842 9.72068 20.6033 9.44225C20.5225 9.16382 20.3821 8.90629 20.1919 8.68751C20.0016 8.46873 19.7661 8.29393 19.5016 8.17522C19.2371 8.0565 18.9499 7.99672 18.66 8H13Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n                              stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3418\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"><\/rect>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"No\"\n                value=\"no\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">No<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 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<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>FindLaw&#8217;s Litigation section describes the components of a Supreme Court opinion and how the Court decides whether to issue a writ of 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