{"id":369377,"date":"2016-04-04T10:47:24","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:47:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ability-fl-prod.internetbrands.com\/ability-law\/realestate\/owning-a-home\/cc-r-enforcement-and-remedies.html"},"modified":"2023-11-29T13:13:23","modified_gmt":"2023-11-29T18:13:23","slug":"cc-r-enforcement-and-remedies","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/realestate\/owning-a-home\/cc-r-enforcement-and-remedies.html","title":{"rendered":"CC&#038;R Enforcement and Remedies"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">CC&amp;R Enforcement and Remedies<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/robert-rafii-esq\/\">Robert Rafii, Esq.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/aisha-success-esq\/\">Aisha Success, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            November 29, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n<p>CC&amp;Rs stand for covenants, conditions, and restrictions. Buying a property subject to CC&amp;Rs means that the new property owner agrees to follow certain restrictions on the property. Covenants for homeowners are a set of rules that regulate how property can be used. All neighborhood covenants include procedures for handling violations.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Examples of CC&amp;Rs and Governing Documents<\/h3>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/realestate\/owning-a-home\/home-owners-associations.html\">Home Owners Associations<\/a>&nbsp;(HOA) and neighborhood association covenants are common in condominiums and planned communities. Covenants can restrict property use inside and outside the home. Declaration of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/realestate\/owning-a-home\/cc-r-basics.html\">covenants, conditions, and restrictions<\/a>&nbsp;include language relating to:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Landscaping maintenance<\/li>\r\n<li>Exterior paint color and trim palettes<\/li>\r\n<li>Fencing materials and heights<\/li>\r\n<li>Pet size, breed, or weight restrictions<\/li>\r\n<li>Restrictions on parties and gatherings in common areas<\/li>\r\n<li>Maintenance and related expenses, such as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/realestate\/owning-a-home\/homeowners-association-basics.html\">HOA fees<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/restrictive-covenant.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Restrictive covenants<\/a>&nbsp;can have more limitations than&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/realestate\/land-use-laws\/zoning.html\">zoning laws<\/a>. Zoning ordinances might speak more generally to lot sizes and commercial versus residential use. On the other hand, covenants like&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/corporate.findlaw.com\/business-operations\/homeowner-association-s-restrictions-are-valid-and-enforceable.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deed restrictions in a common interest development<\/a>&nbsp;can be specific. They might get into particular details regarding how real property must be maintained.<\/p>\r\n<p>In addition to covenants contained in deeds, governing documents can also come in the form of bylaws. HOA&nbsp;board members (or board of directors) can pass rules for a building. These rules can address things like occupancy limitations or HOA fee assessments.<\/p>\r\n<h2>What Homebuyers Should Know<\/h2>\r\n<p>Covenants are created by homeowners or neighbor associations. They may be recorded at the Recorder of Deeds, County Registrar-Recorder, or County Clerk&#8217;s office for public review. When correctly enacted and enforced, CC&amp;Rs can help maintain or even increase long-term property values.<\/p>\r\n<p>HOAs generally cannot:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Evict residents<\/li>\r\n<li>Remove personal property belonging to residents<\/li>\r\n<li>Violate residents&#8217; personal rights in attempting to enforce covenants or control alleged violations<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>CC&amp;Rs and Governing Documents can never violate state law or federal law. For example, a discriminatory rule that singles out a gender would be against public policy. It would also violate the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/fair-housing-act.html\">Fair Housing Act<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Variances<\/h3>\r\n<p>Sometimes you may have trouble complying with HOA CC&amp;Rs. If your situation is reasonable, you may be able to request a variance. A&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/realestate\/land-use-laws\/zoning-changes-variances-and-more.html\">variance<\/a>&nbsp;is a request for permission to depart from the requirements of a covenant. Variances are usually granted where enforcement would cause undue or unfair hardship on the requesting resident.<\/p>\r\n<p>Examples of a variance may include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Outdoor lighting at night for vision-impaired residents<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/law-and-life\/whats-the-difference-between-support-animals-service-animals\/\">Support pets<\/a>&nbsp;that exceed the size limit<\/li>\r\n<li>Keeping extra vehicles on the property or street<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Association Hearings<\/h3>\r\n<p>Almost all requests for variances are handled by hearings before the association. Written notice generally goes to all other residents, if their properties may be affected by a committee or board decision. Notice allows affected residents to participate in&nbsp;or raise&nbsp;objections&nbsp;in such hearings.<\/p>\r\n<p>In general, alleged violations of existing covenants are&nbsp;first handled by progressive action. That means the HOA will try to escalate the situation slowly. First, they will issue verbal and written warnings. If a violation persists, associations will generally hold hearings on the matter.<\/p>\r\n<p>Alleged violators can use a hearing to present their defenses or objections to the allegations. Some hearings are more formal in nature, in which residents may present witnesses or&nbsp;cross-examine&nbsp;those who allege violations. Decisions and resolutions are generally controlled by a vote.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Court Enforcement of Violations<\/h2>\r\n<p>For alleged violations that are not resolved, associations may decide to bring legal action against a resident. The action will either&nbsp;be for the enforcement of a covenant&nbsp;or for a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/business-contracts-forms\/what-is-specific-performance-as-a-legal-remedy.html\">specific performance<\/a>. Courts may empower an association to take action. They may also compel relief through other resources, such as local police.<\/p>\r\n<p>A court may issue a formal judgment for or against the resident. The judgment may require the resident to:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Stop doing something,&nbsp;such as keeping an oversized pet<\/li>\r\n<li>Start doing something,&nbsp;like paying required dues<\/li>\r\n<li>Pay a fine or other&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/legal-system\/what-are-compensatory-damages.html\">monetary damages<\/a>,&nbsp;like late fees or property damage restitution<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Courts cannot enforce covenants for which they cannot find a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/realestate\/owning-a-home\/purpose-of-cc-rs.html\">binding contract<\/a>. The plaintiff (the HOA) must be able to show that the resident agreed to the covenant. This may be inferred from circumstances evidencing that it was recorded or otherwise&nbsp;on the books.<\/p>\r\n<p>However, in some cases, it can be a problem for the association to enforce a covenant. To overcome this possibility, associations tend to back up their lawsuits with laws. For example, a covenant relating to noise control may be rooted in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/injury\/torts-and-personal-injuries\/private-nuisance.html\">nuisance law<\/a>. In general, real estate laws prohibit behaviors that interfere with others&#8217; use and enjoyment of property. Most CC&amp;Rs are enacted in this spirit.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Legal Help With CC&amp;R Problems<\/h2>\r\n<p>You may have questions about covenants on your property. You may also have been accused of violations by a neighbor or your HOA. In these situations, a property law lawyer can offer legal advice. Contact a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/real-estate-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">real estate&nbsp;attorney&nbsp;<\/a>in your area to understand your rights and options.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" 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id=\"clip0_604_3418\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"><\/rect>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"No\"\n                value=\"no\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">No<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-down\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3423)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M16 0.999995H18.67C19.236 0.989986 19.7859 1.18813 20.2154 1.55681C20.645 1.9255 20.9242 2.43905 21 3V10C20.9242 10.5609 20.645 11.0745 20.2154 11.4432C19.7859 11.8119 19.236 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class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--negative\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this not helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n                        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Missing Information\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        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aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-section-sidebar\">\n        <div class=\"fl-editors-summary\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content\">\n                    <h2>Can I Solve This on My Own or Do I Need an Attorney?<\/h2>\n                <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-main\">\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"fl-list-style-none\">\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Many real estate processes can be handled on your own or with the help of a realtor\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Some tenant or neighbor disputes may need the help of local police\n\n                <\/li>\n                            <li data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-item\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-check medium fl-editors-summary-content-item-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    Complex real estate issues (such as construction defects or illegal landlord actions) may need the support of an attorney\n\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                    <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-description\">\n                <p>Buying or selling a home, facing foreclosure, or mortgage loan issues can benefit from legal expertise. An attorney can offer tailored advice and help prevent common mistakes.<\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link fl-flex\" data-testid=\"fl-editors-summary-content-link\">\n                <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <p class=\"find-attorney\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/real-estate-law\/#USER_GEO\/?fli=esum:FL43\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Find a local attorney<\/a><\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"email-subscription fl-mb30\">\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-header\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-content\">\n            <h3 class=\"fl-callout-sm fl-no-margin\">Stay Up-to-Date With How the Law Affects Your Life<\/h3>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-image fl-flex fl-items-end\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\"\n                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