{"id":4788,"date":"2016-04-04T10:47:45","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:47:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/smallbusiness\/employment-law-and-human-resources\/who-can-look-at-employee-personnel-files.html"},"modified":"2023-09-01T10:05:00","modified_gmt":"2023-09-01T15:05:00","slug":"who-can-look-at-employee-personnel-files","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/employment-law-and-human-resources\/who-can-look-at-employee-personnel-files.html","title":{"rendered":"Who Can Look at Employee Personnel Files?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30  wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-section-main fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Who Can Look at Employee Personnel Files?<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/susan-buckner-j-d\/\">Susan Buckner, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/aviana-cooper-esq\/\">Aviana Cooper, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            September 01, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-editorial-note fl-text-sm\">\n            <p>Editorial Note: We earn a commission from affiliate partner links on FindLaw. Commissions do not affect the editorial integrity of our legal content.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n<p>In today&#8217;s online world, an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/workplace-privacy\/employee-privacy.html\">employee&#8217;s right to privacy<\/a>&nbsp;often conflicts with an employer&#8217;s need to maintain personnel files. Who has the right to access employee documents? To whom does employee information belong?<\/p>\r\n<p>Employers and employees have the right to view&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/employment-law-and-human-resources\/what-you-should-keep-in-your-employees-personnel-files.html\">employee personnel files<\/a>. Employers may restrict employee access to certain parts of the files. They may ask that a manager be present when the employee looks at some documents. This article reviews some of the documents included in an employee file and who may view them.<\/p>\r\n<h2>What Is a Personnel File?<\/h2>\r\n<p>An employee personnel file collects documents business owners assemble on each employee. Even small businesses have lengthy files containing sensitive information about their workers. Some of these documents may include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Offer letters and job applications<\/li>\r\n<li>Employment contract<\/li>\r\n<li>Payroll records, I-9 forms and W-2s<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/wages-and-benefits\/wages-benefits-overview.html\">Employee benefits<\/a>&nbsp;packages<\/li>\r\n<li>Employee background checks<\/li>\r\n<li>Drug test results<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/wages-and-benefits\/considerations-for-your-performance-evaluation.html\">Performance evaluations<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li>Disciplinary actions<\/li>\r\n<li>Termination letters<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>These documents are confidential information and are the private property of the business owner and the employee. An employee&#8217;s file contains personal information about the worker, such as their address, Social Security number, and medical information. It may also have proprietary business information that belongs to the company. These files must be secure.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Who Can View Personnel Records?<\/h2>\r\n<p>Some people within a company have the legal right to view personnel files. In a larger company, the human resources department may keep employee files and records separate for easy recordkeeping. Small businesses may have one person responsible for all files. How a firm handles its employee personnel files depends on their specific needs.<\/p>\r\n<p>You should explain your personnel file management in your employee handbook. Give it to all new hires during the onboarding process. Explaining your policies early will ease everyone&#8217;s mind.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Human Resources<\/h3>\r\n<p>Human resources departments need access to employee files for hiring and firing purposes. They may need to handle payroll, employee benefits, vacation, medical leave, and other aspects of employment.<\/p>\r\n<p>The HR department handles most employment records. Business owners should have a company policy that designates HR as the only department with access to an employee&#8217;s file.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Medical Records<\/h3>\r\n<p>Medical files should be separate from other employee files. Two federal laws, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/employment-discrimination\/ada-disabilities-your-rights-as-an-employee.html\">Americans with Disabilities Act<\/a>&nbsp;(ADA) and the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/healthcare\/patient-rights\/hipaa-the-health-insurance-portability-and-accountability-act.html\">Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act<\/a>&nbsp;(HIPAA), have strict requirements for keeping and storing medical files.<\/p>\r\n<p>Only employers with more than 50 workers meet HIPAA eligibility requirements. They must offer enrollment in group health plans. Self-insured employers and small businesses are exempt from HIPAA. But all businesses should keep their health care information in a confidential file.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Employees<\/h3>\r\n<p>Some states have granted employees the statutory right to view their personnel files. A few states have extended the right to former employees as well. These laws also give the employer the right to restrict employee access to their files or limit the portions of the file viewed by employees.<\/p>\r\n<p>State law may allow employees to copy or request copies of their files. Employers may ask the employee to pay the cost of duplicating the files. Employers do not have to provide copyrighted or proprietary information.<\/p>\r\n<p>In other states, employers may want to have policies restricting access to employee records. The policies should explain how and when such review can happen and who else can see the records. This helps relieve any employee concerns over unauthorized viewing of their files.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Management<\/h3>\r\n<p>Managers, supervisors, and others involved in employee hiring and retention should have access to parts of employee personnel files. This is where performance reviews and disciplinary action records should be. Management needs access when reviewing employees for promotions, during layoffs and slowdowns, and when considering termination for cause.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Government Agencies<\/h3>\r\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eeoc.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission<\/a> (EEOC) is a government agency responsible for ensuring all employees receive fair and equal treatment under federal law. Not all employers fall under these laws. A small business must have at least 15 employees to meet EEOC requirements.<\/p>\r\n<p>If you own or manage such a business, you must keep personnel records for one year. You must keep payroll records for at least two years. Employers covered by federal anti-discrimination laws must also keep records that explain the basis for paying different wages to employees, such as job evaluations, collective bargaining agreements, and related documents. The EEOC may also request examples of posted job descriptions.<\/p>\r\n<p>If any <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/employment-law-and-human-resources\/how-to-handle-harassment-and-discrimination-complaints.html\">claims are filed against an employer<\/a>, the EEOC or other agencies may demand these files and records. You may receive a formal subpoena for your files or records.<\/p>\r\n<h3>The &#8216;After-Discovered Document&#8217;<\/h3>\r\n<p>A problem that sometimes arises is the &quot;after-discovered document.&quot; A terminated employee may find a document in their personnel file that they did not see before termination. This leads them to believe it appeared afterward to justify their firing.<\/p>\r\n<p>Allowing employees full access to their personnel files can help avoid this issue. It relieves one stressor of employee termination.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Avoid Costly Mistakes Involving Employee Files: Meet With an Attorney<\/h2>\r\n<p>Hiring a lawyer to help you with your business&#8217; employee personnel files is always a good way to protect against potential lawsuits. Seek legal help from a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/employment-law-employer\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">small business attorney<\/a>&nbsp;specializing in employment law to understand your state laws and learn who may view an employee&#8217;s personnel file.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg 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20.645 11.0745 20.2154 11.4432C19.7859 11.8119 19.236 12.01 18.67 12H16M9.00003 14V18C9.00003 18.7956 9.3161 19.5587 9.87871 20.1213C10.4413 20.6839 11.2044 21 12 21L16 12V0.999995H4.72003C4.2377 0.994543 3.76965 1.16359 3.40212 1.47599C3.0346 1.78839 2.79235 2.22309 2.72003 2.7L1.34003 11.7C1.29652 11.9866 1.31586 12.2793 1.39669 12.5577C1.47753 12.8362 1.61793 13.0937 1.80817 13.3125C1.99842 13.5313 2.23395 13.7061 2.49846 13.8248C2.76297 13.9435 3.05012 14.0033 3.34003 14H9.00003Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3423\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/div>\n    <span 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