{"id":4908,"date":"2021-09-08T17:31:08","date_gmt":"2021-09-08T22:31:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/smallbusiness\/incorporation-and-legal-structures\/what-is-a-sole-proprietor.html"},"modified":"2025-11-05T00:33:00","modified_gmt":"2025-11-05T05:33:00","slug":"what-is-a-sole-proprietor","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/incorporation-and-legal-structures\/what-is-a-sole-proprietor.html","title":{"rendered":"What Is a Sole Proprietor?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30  wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n<div class=\"fl-section-main fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\"><h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">What Is a Sole Proprietor?<\/h1>\n\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/tim-kelly-j-d\/\">Tim Kelly, J.D.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/catherine-hodder-esq\/\">Catherine Hodder, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            November 05, 2025\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-editorial-note fl-text-sm\">\n            <p>Editorial Note: We earn a commission from affiliate partner links on FindLaw. Commissions do not affect the editorial integrity of our legal content.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>A <span data-term-id=\"54232998\">sole proprietor<\/span> is an <span data-term-id=\"54233008\">unincorporated business<\/span> owned and managed by one person. However, since there is no legal difference between the owner and the business, the owner has <span data-term-id=\"54233031\">unlimited liability<\/span> for the business\u2019s debts and obligations.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-term-id=\"54232998\">Sole proprietors<\/span> own their own <span data-term-id=\"54233008\">unincorporated business<\/span>. Businesses are unincorporated when they have not been registered with the state. This business type differs from <span data-term-id=\"54233014\">legal entities<\/span> like\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/incorporation-and-legal-structures\/limited-liability-corporation-faq.html\"><span data-term-id=\"54233002\">limited liability companies<\/span> (LLCs)<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/incorporation-and-legal-structures\/small-business-corporation-faq.html\">corporations<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"54232997\">Sole proprietorships<\/span> appeal to <span data-term-id=\"54233005\">self-employed<\/span> <span data-term-id=\"54233010\">freelancers<\/span> and independent contractors because they are low-cost and easy to set up. Still, <span data-term-id=\"54233035\">small <\/span><span data-term-id=\"54233006\">business<\/span><span data-term-id=\"54233035\"> owners<\/span> should be aware of some risks before they start.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>Form your LLC with confidence.\u202f<a href=\"https:\/\/legalzoomcominc.pxf.io\/c\/4851649\/2115288\/26746?subId1=what-is-a-sole-proprietor--in-content\" rel=\"sponsored noopener\" data-cta=\"Biz LZ - LATL Callout\" data-cta-url=\"legalzoom.com\" target=\"_blank\">Our trusted partner LegalZoom has packages starting at $0 + filing fees.<\/a><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>A <span data-term-id=\"54232998\">sole proprietor<\/span> is someone who owns an <span data-term-id=\"54233008\">unincorporated business<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"54232997\">Sole proprietorships<\/span> form when the owner names their business and obtains the necessary licenses and permits required in their state.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"54232997\">Sole proprietorships<\/span> may need to file a <span data-term-id=\"54233043\">DBA<\/span> (<span data-term-id=\"54233025\">doing business as<\/span>) registration with the state.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"54232998\">Sole proprietors<\/span> can invest in individual retirement accounts and pensions that may reduce their tax burden.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"54232997\">Sole proprietorships<\/span> can be risky because they do not shield the owner from personal liability for their business debts.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Understanding <span data-term-id=\"54232998\">Sole Proprietors<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>If someone owns a <span data-term-id=\"54233034\">startup<\/span> but has not filed any paperwork with the state where they do business, there is a good chance they are a <span data-term-id=\"54232998\">sole proprietor<\/span>. This <span data-term-id=\"54233018\">type of <\/span><span data-term-id=\"54233011\">business<\/span><span data-term-id=\"54233011\"> entity<\/span> differs from LLCs and <a href=\"https:\/\/legalzoomcominc.pxf.io\/c\/4851649\/2115291\/26746?subId1=what-is-a-sole-proprietor-%20wct2509251427060s0yw&amp;auto-aff-c-corp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">corporations<\/a>, which require the <span data-term-id=\"54233006\">business owner<\/span> to register their business with the state.<\/p>\n<p>The <span data-term-id=\"54232998\">sole proprietor<\/span> owns the business and anything owned by the business. However, the <span data-term-id=\"54232998\">sole proprietor<\/span> is also responsible for any debts or obligations brought on by their <span data-term-id=\"54233030\">business activity<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h2>Establishing <span data-term-id=\"54232997\">Sole Proprietorships<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Starting a <span data-term-id=\"54232997\">sole proprietorship<\/span> is as easy as obtaining the necessary <a href=\"https:\/\/legalzoomcominc.pxf.io\/c\/4851649\/2115313\/26746?subId1=what-is-a-sole-proprietor-%20wct250925142706d0ekr&amp;auto-aff-business-license\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">business licenses<\/a>, securing permits, and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/starting-a-business\/starting-your-own-business-business-name-availability.html\">deciding on a name<\/a>\u00a0for the business.<\/p>\n<p>Different businesses require different types of permits and licenses. A <span data-term-id=\"54232998\">sole proprietor<\/span> is responsible for obtaining all necessary\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/starting-a-business\/state-and-local-small-business-licenses-for-start-ups.html\">licenses and permits<\/a>\u00a0for the business from their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/starting-a-business\/federal-small-business-requirements.html\">federal<\/a>, state and <span data-term-id=\"54233048\">local governments<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Most states require the owner of a <span data-term-id=\"54232997\">sole proprietorship<\/span> to register a <span data-term-id=\"54233027\">trade name<\/span>. This is called\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/starting-a-business\/fictitious-business-names-do-you-need-one.html\">&#8220;<span data-term-id=\"54233025\">doing business as<\/span>&#8221; (<span data-term-id=\"54233043\">DBA<\/span>)<\/a>. <span data-term-id=\"54233013\">New <\/span><span data-term-id=\"54233006\">business<\/span><span data-term-id=\"54233006\"> owners<\/span> should confirm that their <span data-term-id=\"54233043\">DBA<\/span> isn\u2019t already taken by another business. This will not be a problem if using their own name. However, if using a made-up name, they will need to register both that name and their <span data-term-id=\"54233019\">legal name<\/span>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/starting-a-business\/how-to-file-a-dba-by-state.html\"><span data-term-id=\"54233043\">DBA<\/span> registration requirements vary by state<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Owners can check the availability of their chosen <a href=\"https:\/\/legalzoomcominc.pxf.io\/c\/4851649\/2115292\/26746?subId1=what-is-a-sole-proprietor-%20wct25092514270635s7s&amp;auto-aff-dba\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-term-id=\"54233043\">DBA<\/span><\/a> by referring to records stored with their county clerk, secretary of state, and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/trademarks-application-process\/search-trademark-database\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trademark search tool<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"54233034\">Startup<\/span> owners with both a <span data-term-id=\"54233043\">DBA<\/span> and federal tax I.D. number, also known as an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/business-taxes\/employer-identification-number-ein-faq.html\"><span data-term-id=\"54233024\">Employer Identification Number<\/span> (<span data-term-id=\"54233022\">EIN<\/span>)<\/a>, can open a business bank account.<\/p>\n<h2>Advantages of a <span data-term-id=\"54232997\">Sole Proprietorship<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3>Tax Advantages<\/h3>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"54232998\">Sole proprietors<\/span> face an <span data-term-id=\"54233001\">income tax<\/span> on all net profits of their business, but can take <span data-term-id=\"54233040\">tax deductions<\/span>.\u00a0Taxes are simple to file as all profits and losses are reported on the <span data-term-id=\"54233006\">business owner<\/span>\u2019s <span data-term-id=\"54233041\">personal <\/span><span data-term-id=\"54232999\">tax return<\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/incorporation-and-legal-structures\/sole-proprietorship-taxes.html\">An owner\u2019s tax rate<\/a>\u00a0depends on their income. This means the <span data-term-id=\"54232997\">sole proprietorship<\/span> itself is not subject to taxation in the same manner as a corporation, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/incorporation-and-legal-structures\/c-corp-vs-s-corp.html\">avoiding double taxation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, <span data-term-id=\"54232998\">sole proprietors<\/span> are allowed to deduct up to 20% of most <span data-term-id=\"54233018\">types of <\/span><span data-term-id=\"54233020\">business<\/span><span data-term-id=\"54233020\"> income<\/span> on their personal federal <span data-term-id=\"54233009\">income <\/span><span data-term-id=\"54232999\">tax<\/span><span data-term-id=\"54233009\"> returns<\/span>. Finally, owners can elect to contribute a portion of their <span data-term-id=\"54233020\">business income<\/span> to an individual retirement account (IRA) or pension fund. This allows owners to withdraw this money later when they may be in a lower tax bracket.<\/p>\n<h3>Sole <span data-term-id=\"54233036\">Decision-Making<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"54232998\">Sole proprietors<\/span> enjoy <span data-term-id=\"54233017\">full control<\/span> of the business and are responsible for all business decisions. They are not required to report to a board of directors, which they would as a corporation.<\/p>\n<h3>Fewer Formalities<\/h3>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"54232998\">Sole proprietors<\/span> do not have to create corporate bylaws or LLC agreements. There is much less <span data-term-id=\"54233029\">record-keeping<\/span> than formal <span data-term-id=\"54233011\">business entities<\/span>. <span data-term-id=\"54232997\">Sole proprietorships<\/span> do not have to file annual reports with the state or pay franchise tax fees. <span data-term-id=\"54233015\">Entrepreneurs<\/span> may favor <span data-term-id=\"54232997\">sole proprietorships<\/span> because there are fewer requirements.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, a <span data-term-id=\"54232998\">sole proprietor<\/span> can use their own <span data-term-id=\"54233016\">social security number<\/span> for filing state and <span data-term-id=\"54233051\">federal <\/span><span data-term-id=\"54232999\">tax returns<\/span>. However, if they have employees, they must apply for a <span data-term-id=\"54233039\">Taxpayer<\/span> <span data-term-id=\"54233050\">ID Number<\/span> with the <span data-term-id=\"54233042\">Internal Revenue Service<\/span> (<span data-term-id=\"54233000\">IRS<\/span>).<\/p>\n<h2>Disadvantages of a <span data-term-id=\"54232997\">Sole Proprietorship<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span data-term-id=\"54233045\">Legal Liability<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Debts brought on by <span data-term-id=\"54233030\">business activity<\/span> can put the <span data-term-id=\"54232998\">sole proprietor<\/span>\u2019s <span data-term-id=\"54233007\">personal assets<\/span> at risk. For example, suppose a <span data-term-id=\"54232998\">sole proprietor<\/span>\u2019s business falls into debt. In that case, creditors can force them to sell their personal property to satisfy the business\u2019s obligations. This differs from other business types like LLCs and corporations, which are considered separate <span data-term-id=\"54233014\">legal entities<\/span> from their owners and offer more risk protection for individual owners. These separate <span data-term-id=\"54233014\">legal entities<\/span> only have the <span data-term-id=\"54233026\">business assets<\/span> at risk.<\/p>\n<h3><span data-term-id=\"54233023\">Self Employment<\/span><span data-term-id=\"54233023\"> Taxes<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span data-term-id=\"54233028\">Self-employed<\/span><span data-term-id=\"54233028\"> individuals<\/span> have to pay <span data-term-id=\"54233023\">self-employment<\/span><span data-term-id=\"54233023\"> taxes<\/span> such as Social Security and Medicare. These taxes are 15.3% on the <span data-term-id=\"54232997\">sole proprietorship<\/span>\u2019s earnings.<\/p>\n<h2>Answering Your Legal Questions<\/h2>\n<p>Setting up your <span data-term-id=\"54232997\">sole proprietorship<\/span> is quick and easy. But what then? <span data-term-id=\"54233013\">New <\/span><span data-term-id=\"54233006\">business<\/span><span data-term-id=\"54233006\"> owners<\/span> often have questions about <span data-term-id=\"54233043\">DBAs<\/span>, <span data-term-id=\"54233033\">tax filing<\/span>, and risk aversion. In these instances, it\u2019s best to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/business-organizations\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact a business lawyer<\/a>\u00a0who can help set up the right <span data-term-id=\"54233003\">business structure<\/span> for you.<\/p>\n<h2>Related Resources<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/starting-a-business\/pros-and-cons-business-name-choices.html\">Pros and Cons of Different Business Names<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/starting-a-business\/how-to-write-a-business-plan.html\">How to Write a Business Plan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/starting-a-business\/getting-a-loan-for-a-small-business.html\">Getting a Loan for a Small Business<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M6 21H3C2.46957 21 1.96086 20.7893 1.58579 20.4142C1.21071 20.0391 1 19.5304 1 19V12C1 11.4696 1.21071 10.9609 1.58579 10.5858C1.96086 10.2107 2.46957 10 3 10H6M13 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