{"id":5004,"date":"2016-04-04T10:47:50","date_gmt":"2016-04-04T15:47:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-law\/smallbusiness\/intellectual-property\/notice-of-copyright.html"},"modified":"2024-05-22T03:01:14","modified_gmt":"2024-05-22T08:01:14","slug":"notice-of-copyright","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/intellectual-property\/notice-of-copyright.html","title":{"rendered":"Notice of Copyright"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30  wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-section-main fl-page-articles fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Notice of Copyright<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw Staff<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/amber-sheppard-esq\/\">Amber Sheppard, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            May 22, 2024\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-editorial-note fl-text-sm\">\n            <p>Editorial Note: We earn a commission from affiliate partner links on FindLaw. Commissions do not affect the editorial integrity of our legal content.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n<p>Copyright law helps small business owners have exclusive rights to their creative works. International&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/intellectual-property.html\">intellectual property law<\/a>&nbsp;and U.S. copyright law give an owner of artistic works exclusive rights to their work. While you do not need a formal copyright registration, it is a wise decision for a start-up or established business to make.<\/p>\r\n<p>There are certain requirements for securing copyright protection for your original work. One of the requirements that helps protect your work is having a copyright notice on your work. This article explains a copyright notice, where it goes on copyrighted material, and how to enforce it.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Types of Copyrighted Work<\/h2>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/corporate.findlaw.com\/intellectual-property\/indivisibility-and-divisibility-of-copyright-copyright-act-of.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Copyright Act&nbsp;<\/a>governs United States copyright law. This is federal law, so it governs the entire United States.<\/p>\r\n<p>First, to get intellectual property rights, the works you create must be original works of authorship. Plagiarism and copied works cannot gain protection. Next, the creative expression needs to be in a fixed, tangible form. You can hold, see, smell, or listen to tangible mediums. An example of this would be a short story written on paper or a painting on canvas.<\/p>\r\n<p>It must also fall within a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/intellectual-property\/what-may-be-covered-by-copyrights.html\">certain category of works<\/a>, such as:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Literary works<\/li>\r\n<li>Sound recordings<\/li>\r\n<li>Broadcasts<\/li>\r\n<li>Computer software<\/li>\r\n<li>Computer programs<\/li>\r\n<li>Photographs<\/li>\r\n<li>Paintings<\/li>\r\n<li>Dramatic works<\/li>\r\n<li>Motion pictures<\/li>\r\n<li>Social media content<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>No copyright registration is available for works that are fair use or in the public domain.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/technologist\/who-owns-the-copyright-for-ai-art\/\">Artificial intelligence created works cannot be copyrighted<\/a>&nbsp;at this time. The U.S. Copyright Office launched an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/ai\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">initiative in March 2023<\/a>&nbsp;to investigate this issue.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Copyright Notice Requirements<\/h2>\r\n<p>Under earlier U.S. law, work had to have a disclaimer or notice of copyright on it for protection. This changed in 1989 when the United States joined the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wipo.int\/treaties\/en\/text.jsp?file_id=283698\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berne Convention<\/a>. The notice is no longer required for works created after 1989 or their derivative works. Notice of copyright on works prior to March 1989 is still relevant to older works&#8217; copyright status.<\/p>\r\n<p>While no longer required, a disclaimer on your&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/intellectual-property\/publication-and-copyrights.html\">first publication and future publications<\/a>&nbsp;can provide certain benefits to copyright holders.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Benefits of Copyright Notice<\/h2>\r\n<p>Whether your work requires a notice of copyright or not, it is often beneficial to the copyright holder. It notifies the public that the work has copyright protection. At the same time, it identifies the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/intellectual-property\/who-owns-a-copyright.html\">copyright owner<\/a>&nbsp;and provides the year of publication. This is important for any infringement actions you take against copy-cats of your work. This notice stays the same no matter the type of work.<\/p>\r\n<p>In addition, adding a notice of copyright is easy because it doesn&#8217;t require the copyright owner to register with the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Copyright Office<\/a>. There are no other permissions you need to seek. Finally, the defendant cannot use an &quot;innocent infringement&quot; defense if copyright infringement occurs. That occurs if the infringer is unaware of a copyright. If a proper copyright notice appears on the work upon which the defendant infringed, he has notice.<\/p>\r\n<p>Please remember that works created and copyrighted before March 1989 required copyright notice. Otherwise, they may have lost copyright protection. However, certain foreign works were still protected even if they still needed the notice due to the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/circs\/circ38b.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA)<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Proper Copyright Notice<\/h2>\r\n<p>A copyright notice generally has three elements:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Copyright symbol \u00a9, the word &quot;Copyright,&quot; or its abbreviation (Copr.)<\/li>\r\n<li>The year the work was first published to the public. If unpublished, the phrase &quot;Unpublished Work&quot; and the year created are on the work<\/li>\r\n<li>The name of the copyright owner. This can be a small business or a person<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>Here is an example of a proper copyright notice for both a published and unpublished work: \u00a9 2001 John Doe (published) and Unpublished Work \u00a9 2000 Jane Doe.<\/p>\r\n<p>The copyright symbol is only used for &quot;visually perceptible copies,&quot; which are works fixed in copies, such as dramatic and literary works. Audio recordings use a &quot;P&quot; in a circle (\u2117) because it is a &quot;phonorecord&quot; and not a &quot;copy.&quot; This symbol protects the underlying dramatic, literary, or musical work recorded.<\/p>\r\n<p>Whether the work has the &quot;C&quot; or &quot;P&quot; in a circle, the notice of copyright must be in a manner and location that gives reasonable notice that the work has copyright protection. For example, if software appears and distributes via compact disc, the notice should be on the disc. If, on the other hand, a consumer downloads software from the Internet or an app store, then the notice should be on the screen where the download is available. As a side note, software and apps are &quot;visually perceptible&quot; and therefore use the \u00a9 symbol.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Copyright Infringement<\/h2>\r\n<p>Copyright notice allows you to send a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/law-and-life\/how-to-send-a-cease-and-desist-letter\/\">cease and desist letter<\/a>&nbsp;before filing a lawsuit. If you cannot come to an agreement, then you file a copyright infringement lawsuit. Should someone credit your work, known as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/strategist\/the-perils-of-copying-and-pasting-without-attribution\/\">attribution<\/a>, then there is no case against them.<\/p>\r\n<p>Before you file a lawsuit, you need a federal copyright application on file with the U.S. Copyright Office. If you succeed in showing the other person or business copied your work, then you can get statutory damages. These&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/corporate.findlaw.com\/intellectual-property\/are-punitive-damages-available-under-the-copyright-act.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">damages<\/a>&nbsp;include lost profits, attorney&#8217;s fees, and other damages to your brand and work.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Getting Copyright Notice Legal Help<\/h2>\r\n<p>While the notice of copyright is no longer a requirement to keep the copyright status of your work, there are other requirements that may apply. You can&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/smallbusiness\/intellectual-property\/copyright-pointers.html\">learn more about copyrights<\/a>&nbsp;on your own, but an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/intellectual-property-law\/?fli=dcta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">intellectual property lawyer<\/a>&nbsp;can give you legal advice. These lawyers help you determine if your work qualifies for copyright protection. They can help guide you through the process of obtaining a copyright.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n    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3.40212 1.47599C3.0346 1.78839 2.79235 2.22309 2.72003 2.7L1.34003 11.7C1.29652 11.9866 1.31586 12.2793 1.39669 12.5577C1.47753 12.8362 1.61793 13.0937 1.80817 13.3125C1.99842 13.5313 2.23395 13.7061 2.49846 13.8248C2.76297 13.9435 3.05012 14.0033 3.34003 14H9.00003Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3423\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/div>\n    <span class=\"was-this-helpful__taken-action fl-text-sm-bold\"><\/span>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-container\">\n        <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n            <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <form class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form\">\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--positive\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Easy to understand\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                        >Easy to understand<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Solved my problem\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                        >Solved my problem<\/label>\n                    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class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this not helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n                        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Missing Information\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        >Too complicated \/ too many steps<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div 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     class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--positive at-feedback-submit fl-button secondary\"\n                    type=\"submit\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        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