Why Isn't There Just One Court System?

The United States courts have two primary levels: the federal and state courts. The dual court system was designed to balance state autonomy and federal government interests. Federal courts handle legal matters with broader implications, such as constitutional matters and interstate disputes. Meanwhile, state courts address local issues, reflecting the norms within their jurisdiction. This balance prevents one level of government from gaining too much power. It secures regional autonomy and democratic governance.

This article examines the intricate structure of the U.S. judicial system and why there is more than one court system. It also discusses how federalism balances the federal government's powers and addresses the varying needs of different states nationwide.

Federalism and the Dual Court System

Federalism guides the U.S. political system, distributing power between different branches of the government. The separation of power is divided "horizontally" between the executive (president), legislative (Congress), and judicial branches. Meanwhile, the state and federal governments divide the power "vertically." For instance, the judicial branch is divided between the federal and state courts. This division of power allows the states to exercise their judicial authority independently of the federal government, except in cases where the U.S. Constitution has exclusive jurisdiction over the federal courts and the U.S. Supreme Court.

Federalism fosters diversity in the nation's legal landscape. It allows state courts to handle local matters, and the federal court addresses issues of national significance. The federal form of government prevents the concentration of power. It also promotes responsiveness to the cultural and regional differences in different states.

Federal Judiciary

Article III of the U.S. Constitution established the judicial branch. The same provision gave Congress the discretion to determine the structure of the federal judiciary.

The federal courts, where federal judges preside, are courts of limited jurisdiction. This means federal courts can only hear cases authorized by the U.S. Constitution or federal laws. Among these are disputes where federal courts exercise "original jurisdiction." These are cases that arise out of treaties, federal laws, or the Constitution.

The following is the main structure of the federal court system:

• U.S. District Courts (trial courts)
• U.S. Court of Appeals
• U.S. Supreme Court (highest court)

Sometimes, the federal court's jurisdiction overlaps with the state courts. When this happens, the parties can bring the legal issue to state and federal courts. Often, the plaintiff has the choice to file the case either in federal or state court.

State Judiciary

The state courts handle every legal issue that doesn't fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal courts. This includes legal matters relating to family law, probate, torts, contract cases, small claims, and criminal cases. The following courts comprise state courts:

• Circuit court or district courts
• Intermediate appellate courts
• State supreme court

A significant benefit of this system is that local courts can better shape their laws, court decisions, and resources to fit the needs of their local communities. But, a party can also bring civil cases to federal court, even if the case is mainly based on state laws. This is under the premise of "diversity jurisdiction." Here, the plaintiffs should be in different states than all defendants, and the amount in controversy is above $75,000. Note that a party can't bring criminal cases under diversity jurisdiction.

Examples of Regional Local Issues

The following highlights some of the different state laws that address the unique challenges specific to the state's economic and geographical context:

Gambling laws in Nevada

Nevada, particularly Las Vegas, has more lenient gambling laws than other states. This is because the state relies on entertainment and tourism. Nevada state courts handle legal matters surrounding gambling operations more often than other states.

Tenancy Laws in New York

New York, particularly New York City, has comprehensive housing and tenant laws. State courts often address these legal issues, reflecting the city's urban living conditions and housing market.

Agricultural Laws in the Midwest

States like Nebraska and Iowa have more extensive agricultural laws that govern crop insurance, land use, and bioengineering. These types of cases are relevant to the economy of these Midwestern states but are less important in less agriculturally focused states like Nevada.

Insurance Regulations in Florida

Florida experiences hurricanes more frequently compared with other states. This leads to a wide range of insurance disputes related to property damage. With this, Florida state courts often handle cases that address these natural disasters, a legal issue that is not as prevalent in states that are less prone to these weather events.

Other Courts

Specialty courts are in place to address specific legal issues. For instance, bankruptcy courts are a distinct branch of the federal system. Military courts are independent of state and federal courts and have their own court rules of procedure and applicable laws. The following are some examples of specialized courts:

• U.S. Court of Federal Claims
• U.S. Bankruptcy Courts
• U.S. Tax Courts
• U.S. Court of International Trade
• U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
• U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims

Need Legal Guidance? Contact an Attorney Today

Understanding the complex legal landscape of the U.S. judicial system can be daunting. If you are facing legal issues in federal or state court, it is crucial to seek legal advice. A litigation attorney can give you the guidance and legal representation to handle your case appropriately. They can explain the various steps to take once you file your case and provide tailored legal advice.

You do not have to navigate through this complex legal landscape by yourself. Contact a litigation attorney today to discuss your case and explore your legal options.

Related Articles:

• U.S. Federal Court System
• What Is a Court?
• What Kinds of Cases Can Federal Courts Decide?
• State Court Cases: How To Determine Where Your Suit Will Be Heard
• Federal vs. State Courts: Key Differences